**6. Conclusions**

The evolution of techniques that analyze genetic instability as micronuclei (MNi) and other cellular abnormalities has opened a new strategy to prevent cytogenotoxic effects on captive, farm, pet, and wild animals. On the other hand, these techniques contribute to better understand the pharmacology of drugs and the permissible environmental exposure levels to xenobiotics in laboratory studies.

BmMNt, PBMNE, and CBMN genomic instability tests have their sphere of applicability, advantages, and limitations. While BmMNt is mainly applied for *in vivo* experiments, its biomarkers are the end point, and it is not possible to follow up the effect for a long time. On the other hand, PBMNE allows daily monitoring, especially in pharmacological, toxicological, and dosimetry experiments. CBMN is one of the most comprehensive MNi-based assays. Although it can only be performed in animal models, of which, collecting at least half a milliliter of intravenous blood is possible to record six biomarkers of genomic instability: MNi, NBUDs, NPBs, NDI, and cellular death (necrosis and apoptosis).

Lastly, the flow cytometry improvements based on the synergy between flow cytometry, image recognition, and machine learning opens a new clinical scenery in micronucleus-based tests to detect genomic instability in all types of species, especially in those of veterinary interest.
