*2.3.2.1 Antibiotics and antibiotic residues*

Aminoglycosides (AMG) antibiotics are known for their broad-spectrum activities to gram-negative aerobic bacteria [71]. However, the discrepancy of administered

AMG and the presence in blood is an important concern [72]. Thus, emergence of AMG-resistant bacteria is a pressing concern due to its abuse in animal husbandry and agricultural practices [73–75]. One of the important AMG is Streptomycin, an effective antibiotic for gram-negative bacterial treatment and is used not only for human diseases but also for diseases of veterinary concern [76, 77]. The presence of streptomycin residues in animal-derived products is a threat to human health due to its nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and allergic reactions [77, 78]. The European Commission has set a MRL for streptomycin of 500 and 200 μg kg −1 for meat and milk, respectively [77, 79]. Thus, development of sensitive and selective detection of streptomycin residues in animal derived products is vital to ensure food quality and safety and one health. Ghodake *et al.* [77] developed a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) probe for the colorimetric detection of picomolar-level sensitivity toward streptomycin in water, serum and milk samples. A color change of yellow to orange/ red was observed in samples with streptomycin. A detection limit of 36 pmol L−1 was observed in the developed AgNP probe. The AgNP probe can successfully detect streptomycin residues in serum and milk and is a rapid and cost-effective detection of low molecular weight analytes. Thus, this method can provide practical application is the ultrasensitive detection of AMGs.

*2.3.3 Point-of-care animal disease diagnosis using platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs)*
