Preface

Animal health, disease, and function are based on the fundamentals of anatomy, histology, embryology, and physiology. Therefore, these topics are essential for not only veterinary professionals but also animal owners. This book contains literature reviews and original research studies on animals ranging from primates to horses and cattle.

The first section, "Anatomy, Embryology and Function," includes four chapters. Chapter 1, "Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (*Macaca mulatta*): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher", provides easily accessible anatomical data on the rhesus monkey. It explores the muscular, digestive, respiratory, urogenital, and circulatory systems in both males and females using incredible images to aid visualization. Chapter 2, "Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals", is useful for anatomists, radiologists, clinicians, researchers, and even veterinary students. It examines the paranasal sinuses of production animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, in addition to camels, canines (dogs), and equines (horses and donkeys). Chapter 3, "Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint", discusses the complex elbow joint of dogs, discussing normal ranges of movement and the techniques used to investigate these. It also examines the joint under adaptive changes, such as when caused by pain and lameness. Chapter 4, "Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease", focuses on these essential cardiovascular structures from development to disease, incorporating physiology and function.

The second section, "Anatomy and Physiology of Disease and Diagnostics," also includes four chapters. Chapter 5, "Evaluation of Current and Future Diagnostic and Prognostic Techniques for Traumatic Pericarditis in Cattle", discusses bovine cardiac disease, which often has a poor prognosis. This is a situation complicated by the fact that it is often a production animal with economic viability that is affected. This chapter discusses the anatomy, physiology, and clinical presentations of traumatic pericarditis in terms of prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Chapter 6, "Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology", focuses on horses. The stress responses in horses maintain physiological integrity and provide protection. This chapter investigates the mechanisms behind these processes under both normal and disease states, and explores assessment, prevention, control, and management of these diseases and stress. Chapter 7, "'Marek's Disease is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production", discusses Marek's disease, which is a widespread infectious disease that results in huge economic losses within poultry production, from weight loss in birds to increased numbers of deaths. This chapter considers not only the causative agents but also details the anatomopathological changes that occur in the liver, spleen, and reproductive system because of the disease. It also examines diagnostic techniques. Chapter 8, "Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics", discusses how advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have greatly increased laboratory-based screening and detection of different animal diseases, whether they be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens. Increasingly,

especially in food production, there has been a need for more field-based applications. This chapter considers the use of noble metals as diagnostic tools.

The third section, "Molecular and Cellular Structure and Function," includes two chapters relating to anatomy and physiology in the field of veterinary medicine and health. Chapter 9, "Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies", examines the associations between the anatomy and histology of the lower respiratory tract and the relationship with infections and immunological response mechanisms. Chapter 10, "Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species", covers genomic instability and its potential associations with carcinogenesis and/or physiological disorders. It discusses exposure of wild, captive, and domesticated vertebrates to xenobiotics as well as the links to cytogenotoxicity and the resulting disorders. The chapter also presents techniques to assess and interpret cytogenotoxicity biomarkers to assist with therapeutic management of related disorders.

The final section of the book, "Pedagogy and Psychology," includes two chapters. Chapter 11, "Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century", is very apt during these times of increased remote learning and teaching. This chapter discusses using gamebased learning, virtual experiences and laboratories, as well as other newer techniques to help reduce costs and the use of animals. These methods are especially useful when students cannot attend classes in person due to such situations as the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter also provides a look back through history and the differing landmarks of physiology teaching. Chapter 12, "Taxon-Specific Pair Bonds in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)", investigates three generally accepted indicators of pair-bond strength (mutual grooming, behavioral synchronization, and partner distance) and presents a study of the amount of partner-directed grooming in each sex. There is no doubt that the mind and body can have incredible effects on the anatomy, physiology, and general health of an animal.

The chapter authors are experts in their field from across the world. They have investigated numerous species, using published literature, innovative research, and graphics to illustrate their work. The researchers have looked at DNA as well as entire organ systems and organisms, exploring contemporary aspects of anatomy and physiology and the impacts they have on animal health and the economy. This book discusses basic anatomy and physiology aspects as well as pathology and disease detection and diagnosis and treatment methods.

> **Dr. Catrin Sian Rutland**  School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

> > **Samir A.A. El-Gendy** Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

Section 1
