**4. Theoretical framework**

According to [25], a theoretical framework is a structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. A theoretical framework, therefore, provides the lens through which the research study is viewed and assists in better understanding the phenomenon under study. Since the study is about learning and teaching, the constructivist learning theory informed it. Constructivism states that learning happens when learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Vygotsky et al. [8, 26] identify the key features of the constructivist theory of learning, which are the following:


These aspects suggest that students need to be actively involved in a lesson, and teachers should encourage them to participate in practical activities. Considering their experiences before introducing something new is very important as they are not empty vessels, for example, techniques such as experimentation and problem-solving. Therefore, the present researchers believe that social constructivism encourages teachers to provide students with enough learning materials so that students can actively participate to promote SL through content and practical assessment.
