**4. Determination of the anomalies index**

To determine the level of conservation, while visiting the building under analysis, based on the inspection of visible anomalies according to the evaluation criteria and rules contained in the Evaluation Form developed by LNEC, in the framework of the preparation of the NRAU. The National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) thus conceived the method of assessing the state of conservation of buildings (MAEC) which aims to determine with rigor, objectivity and

*Structural Consolidation of Architectural Heritage DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99602*

transparency the state of conservation of buildings and the existence of basic infrastructures., which is completed in Appendix 1, approved by Decree No. 1192-B / 2006 of 3 November, published in the *Diário da República*, 1st series— No. 212—3 November 2006, integrating the relevant elements to determine the level of conservation, under the terms of paragraph 2 of article 33 of Law no. 6/2006, of 27 February, which approved the New Urban Lease Regime (NRAU).

The ordinance establishes the general assessment criteria in number 1 of Article 3: The assessment of the level of anomaly that affects each functional element is carried out by combining the following four criteria:

a.Consequence of the anomaly in satisfying functional requirements;

b.Type and extent of work required to correct the anomaly;

c.Relevance of the locations affected by the anomaly;

d.Existence of an alternative for the affected space or equipment.

Based on the survey, the Evaluation Form was completed (**Table 1**), using the simulator made available for this purpose at the email address: https://www. portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/nrau/home/simuladorFichaAval.jsp.

In the presence of classified heritage, a strategy based on an "observational approach" should be chosen, however, assiduous verification is guaranteed during the course of the intervention, the effectiveness of the measures corrective measures to be proposed in order to guarantee the necessary adjustments in face of the reality that will be found on site [7].

The main anomalies found in the survey carried out on the building, with special concern for the structural state of the construction, should be pointed out on the designed parts, previously prepared for the purpose - plans, section and elevations, which may be considered an undisputed target for correction and / or Repair.

The evaluation of crack openings was based on the lessons of classes given by the late Professor Doctor Architect António de Santa Rita, as it is considered a simple and objective method, therefore suitable for this type of analysis.


Cracks in masonry walls are classified according to related criteria, with the size of the opening, the activity, the shape, the causes, the direction.

The classification of cracks, according to their respective causes, is perhaps the most suitable method for studying these pathologies, as the solutions to the problem will be defined from this analysis.

**Figure 7.** *South facade with crack location.*

**Figure 8.** *F4 fissure (inside).*

*Structural Consolidation of Architectural Heritage DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99602*

#### **Figure 9.** *F5 fissure.*

Based on what is described in the crack classifications, the basis for cataloging the typical configurations of cracks in masonry was elaborated, registering its location on the elevations of the building.

South wall: cracks of considerable openings, caused by the foundation of the southeast corner foundation, as a result of a greater traction effort in the west / east direction, which should deserve special attention in the intervention proposal (**Figure 7**).

Fissures F1, F2, F3, F4 (**Figure 8**), F5 (**Figure 9**), F6, F7 and F8 are thus considered as wide cracks, whose activity needs to be monitored, with diagonal orientation of causes related to the laying of foundations.

#### **5. Survey of pathologies**

In order to systematize the information collected in situ, a List of Pathologies was elaborated, based on the studies of Pathologies of buildings carried out by the Laboratory of Physics of Constructions (LFC) of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP) in collaboration with the Group of Construction Pathology Studies - PATORREB. Grouped in a set of Pathology Cards (Annex 2), where they describe not only the problems found, but also their main causes, methods of evaluation and possible solutions for intervention.

For a better interpretation and an adequate diagnosis, it will be necessary the records, elaborated during the previous inspection carried out to the building, expressed on the elevations and plans, of the pathologies found not only in its exterior surroundings but also in its interior space (**Figures 10** and **11**).

In addition to the inspection carried out, the complementary photographic record becomes essential for an illuminating reading of the situation found during the evaluation. A complete photographic survey of each facade should then be presented, focusing on the main existing anomalies.

The pavement in contact with the ground has a high degree of humidity as a result of the deficiency or absence of an adequate imperialization, consequently

**Figure 10.** *Record on the pathology plan.*

#### **Figure 11.**

*Register of pathologies on the nascent facade.*

allowing the direct entry of rainwater into the interior space, causing damage directly to the pavements and baseboards and, furthermore, by capillarity, causing blistering and plaster breakdown.

The slab of the 2nd floor terrace, which is supported by the entrance porch, is aggravated in addition to anomalies similar to those detected in the kitchen slab, due to its exposure to the aggressive external environment.

*Structural Consolidation of Architectural Heritage DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99602*

These pathologies result from depassivation corrosion of the metallic structure, in a reaction induced by carbonation, due to the presence of a structure with environmental exposure to air and humidity (**Figure 12**) caused by marine salt water chlorides, transported by air as it is close to the sea.

According to the classification of Standard NP EN 206–1: 2007 (Environmental Management Study Notes - Specification, Performance, Production and Compliance), which establishes aspects related to concrete, namely the specification and performance in accordance with environmental exposure, taking into account one of the main factors of attack on concrete containing reinforcement or with metallic elements:

• Attack on armor or other embedded metals (corrosion induced by carbonation or chloride ions).

**Figure 12.** *Corrosion of metallic elements.*

**Figure 13.** *Floor of the Sanit. Installations.*

**Figure 14.** *Ceiling under the Sanit. Inst.*

Due to its location, the building that was the object of study, we can attribute Class XC 3 to corrosion induced by carbonation, and also Class XS1 to corrosion induced by marine chlorides of salts originating in salt water, from sea water, transported by air, as it is close to the sea.

Floor 2 and Floor 3 - floors and support structure in the areas of the sanitary facilities are rotten, an anomaly caused by ruptures in the water and / or sewage systems, highlighting the fact that it is on the floor which facilitated the collapse of the adjoining floor ceiling (**Figures 13** and **14**).
