**4.5 Trademarks**

A trademark is a distinctive indication that distinguishes certain goods or services as those produced or offered by a specific person or organization. Trademarks can be registered for both goods and services. The procedures for registering trademarks are governed by national and regional IP authorities' rules and laws. A single word, or a mix of words, letters, and numerals, will utterly represent a trademark [1, 22, 23].

### **4.6 Geographical indication (GI)**

A geographical indication is a sign that appears on commodities that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation due to that place of origin. This "geographical indication" is more than just a description of the product's origin. GI indicates the connection between quality, reputation or characteristic of that good and its territory of origin. The primary role of a GI is to identify a link between a good's quality, reputation, or characteristic and its origin territory.

**Figure 1.** *Types of IPR.* Well-known examples embrace "Champagne", "Scotch Whiskey", "Tequila", and "Roquefort" cheese [1, 15, 24].

### **4.7 Protection against unfair competition**

Protection against unfair competition supplements the protection of inventions, industrial designs, trademarks and geographical indications. It is particularly crucial for the protection of non-patentable knowledge, technology, or information that may be necessary to make the best use of a patented invention eg: The legal protection of trade secrets also part of protection of unfair competition, depending upon the legal system [1].

#### **4.8 Plant variety protection**

Plant variety protection, also known as a "plant breeder's right," is a type of intellectual property right granted to the breeder of a new plant variety in connection with certain acts relating to the exploitation of the protected variety that require the breeder's prior authorization. Prior inspection and granting by the proper authority, as in the case of patents, trademarks, and industrial designs, are required [25].

**Figure 1** represents different types of intellectual property rights.
