**8. The arena of language acquisition: probable neural substrates and signature**

The major debate regarding *neural substrates underlying language acquisition (inclusive of the capacity to detect phonetic distinction and develop language – specific phonetic capacity and acquire legible, valid and comprehensible words)* lies in the belief if nativist (innate rather than acquired) domain – specific dedicated neural mechanism(s) operate exclusively on linguistic data, wherein the neural architecture is decided beforehand for an individual in acquisition of language or general learning mechanism(s) contribute to such an evolved mechanism of spoken and written language. The nativist approach posits the universal capacity to detect differences in phonetic contrasts in all languages. It has further been hypothesised from ERP studies that the response profile of *Human Mind* in terms of ERPs that are locked in space and time to varied phonetics is a significantly important component contributing to elementary building blocks of language and initial language phonetic learning is an essential pathway to learning.

Hence, it seems that **the fine dance of** *ERS Theta Frequency wave-form* **observed at temporal EEG lead pair** *closely looped with LAI of Alpha Frequency wave-form ERD* **seem to evolve a synthesising envelope of** *Working Memory* that translates into comprehensible means of communication, *Language*. The *theta and alpha frequency waveforms* with the available resources, the interplay between these frequency waveforms, initiate the ground of working memory which seemingly is hitched-hiked onto **language acquisition, comprehension and manipulation**. The dynamical power spectral interplay of *theta and alpha frequency wave-forms* along the

coordinates of space and time during the *Working Memory* tasks of *retention, semantic (forward processing) and backward processing* seem to form the *gateway of primacy* opening the portal of algorithmic flow of neural information so needed for the neurocognitive primacy of language. The amount of information/memory inputs constraint by quotidian working memory might be utilitarian and can be considered as cynosure for processing and acquisition of language e.g., semantics of letters and words, syntactics of words, word frequency, plausibility, discourse context, intonational information, to name some of the intricate and fascinating nuances.

Subsequently, it is conceived that self-iterating fractal of interacting *ERD* and *ERS* through respective frequency waveforms *theta (*θ*)* and *alpha (***α***) waveforms* is construed with θ*waveform band singularity of ERS* across frontal and midline regions with antecedent **α***ERD* across respective mirror neurone system domain along with**α***ERS* at central region. The singularity of *ERS* denotes a preferential and categorical *inhibition gateway* and an *ERD* represents an event related and locked gateway to stimulatory/ excitatory neuronal architectonics presumably responsible for *stimulus-locked and adequate neural response*. The fine and intricate interplay of θ *ERS (frontal and midline areas fine-tuned excitation)*, **α** *ERD (parietal and temporal floral activation) and* **α** *ERS (central selective inhibition)* evolves the self-evolving florid landscape of an **ERD oncentre and ERS off-surround loci along with an ERS off-centre and ERD onsurround**. The evolution of *frontal and midline excitatory* θ *ERS* along stochastic phasespace trajectory is a reflection of an evolving *fractal self-iterating excitatory gateway with antecedent fine-tuned channelisation of attentional mechanisms onto the stimulus/ event restricting extraneous interfering neural mechanisms in the process*. The florid **α** *ERD*

**Figure 8.** *The theta (θ) ERS on centre, alpha (α) ERS off centre and alpha (α) ERD on surround model.*

is representative of an evolving *excitatory stochastic phase-space trajectory dynamically mirroring the functional Mirror Neurone System (MNS)* responsible for algorithmic information flow onto subsequent *MNS* along with antecedent *central selective inhibition through* **α** *ERS inhibiting interfering contrivances (an example of* **α** *ERS Off-Centre with* **α** *ERD on-surround with* θ *ERS on-surround).* These self-iterating fractal architectonics of *central inhibitory, Off-Centre* **α** *ERS, surround excitatory on-surround* **α** *ERD and on surround* θ *ERS,* representative of i*nterwoven PSD singular Off-Centre* **α** *ERS (Central)-On-Surround* **α** *ERD-On Surround* θ *ERS phenomenology* seem to define the qualia and quanta of underlying neural mechanisms of *working memory* (**Figure 7**).

The contextual inference in relation to *stochastic phase-space trajectory of Off-Centre* **α** *ERS (Central)-On-Surround* **α** *ERD-On Surround* θ *ERS* document a neurophysiologically efficient *neural dynamics of working memory* (**Figure 8**) [49]*.*

The above model envisages a self-iterating fractal of *θ ERS On-Centre along with α ERD On-Centre and α ERS Off-Surround* mirrored along *θ ERS On-Centre, α ERS Off-Centre and α ERSD On-Surround, the so-called EEG micro states that tend to oscillate through the execution of the respective cognitive manoeuvre and these self-iterating fractals of lateral asymmetry index (LAI) of alpha (α) ERD and ERS along with theta (θ) ERS tend to open the gateway/portal of effective cognitive network.*

In this connectome, the *Human Mind* is envisaged as an esoteric concept that probably represents a logical synthesis of functional *mass* and *energy*, so represented by the characteristically patterned modulation and flow of the neurally coded information.

In conclusion, the neural architectonics subserving *language* seem to evolve across the self-iterating fractal features of phenomenology of *on-centre/off surround and off centre/off surround of ERD and ERS represented through electroencephalographic frequency waveforms of* θ*ERS,* α*ERD and* α*ERS* that synthesise and evolve the fine-tuned cognate neural mechanisms that evolve into the structured means of communication, *language.*
