Preface

This book covers recent developments in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. AFM is a widely used technique in air, liquids, or vacuum to produce high-resolution topographic images of a surface with nanometer-scale resolution. AFM provides information on morphology and phase composition. Advances in AFM modes enable its application in various research areas such as photovoltaics, 2D materials, nanomaterials, and more. Raman spectroscopy is a widely used technique for the identification of organic and inorganic chemical substances. Over the last century, significant advances in lasers, spectrometers, detectors, and holographic optical components have made Raman spectroscopy a useful tool for various applications, including basic chemical and materials research, medical diagnostics, life sciences, and in situ process monitoring.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of advanced methods in AFM such as Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), conducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), AFM nanoindentation and its various applications, as well as advances in Raman spectroscopy, from advanced topics such as the deep learning approach to Raman spectroscopy to fundamental applications.

This book is divided into three sections. The first section presents an introduction to AFM and its various advanced characterization techniques, such as CAFM, KPFM, MFM, and other basic techniques and their applications.

The second section contains a detailed introduction to Raman spectroscopy and its various applications in different fields.

The third section discusses the application of Raman spectroscopy in low-dimensional nanostructures such as 2D materials and carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

We thank all the authors for their contributions and patience in editing the book. We also thank Author Service Manager Mia Vulovic and IntechOpen for allowing us to edit this fascinating book project.

> **Chandra Shakher Pathak** Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

> > **Samir Kumar** Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea

## Section 1
