**10. Wound healing activity**

Growth factor deficiencies, neovascularization, abnormalities such as impaired immune response and decreased synthesis of collagen are known to be associated with diabetes and to the delayed wound healing [18, 19, 28, 29]. Treatment with *M. charantia* fruit ointment is suggested to enhance wound closure in diabetic rats, and upregulate TGF-β expression in wound tissue, which plays an important role in regulating cell growth and differentiation [18, 19]. The juice of *M. charantia* is demonstrated to have a healing potential against psoriasis, scabies, and ringworm. In rats modeling wound healing potential of *M. charantia* fruit powder has been assessed with a significant response by powder ointment in terms of period of epithelization, wound-contracting ability and wound closure time [19].

#### **11. Immunomodulatory activity**

In vitro experiments have shown that *M. charantia* polysaccharides can increase immunity by stimulating the activation of lymphocytes and macrophages [20]. It has been reported that the water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from *M. charantia* may increase endothelium-derived relaxing factor production in the cell proliferation, the development of the inflammatory and immune response, and stimulate splenocytes and thymocytes [21].
