Meet the editors

Dr. Megha Agrawal is a co-founder, executive publisher, and chief editor of *Biotechnology Kiosk*, an international journal in biotechnology. She is recognized as one of the world's leading neuroscientists and biotechnologists. Dr. Agrawal's research has been well cited. She has published more than 100 articles and edited several books in prestigious scientific journals in the field of biotechnology, neuroscience, molecular biology, and biochemis-

try. She was a faculty member and principal investigator at the University of Illinois Chicago and an associate editor for *Frontiers in Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics*. Dr. Agrawal is an invited columnist and contributing editor in biotechnology for a leading high-tech trade journal, *Vacuum Technology & Coating Magazine*, for which she writes a monthly column on vacuum advances in biotechnology.

Megha Agrawal Biotechnology Kiosk, Gainesville, Florida United States of America

Dr. Shyamasri Biswas is a co-founder, executive publisher, and chief editor of *Biotechnology Kiosk*, an international journal in biotechnology. She is an internationally recognized structural and molecular biologist, protein chemist, and biotechnologist and is well known worldwide for her works in solving challenging protein crystal structures of therapeutic relevance. She has published more than 100 articles in reputed journals. She

received her Ph.D. in Biotechnology under the prestigious DAAD sandwich fellowship program jointly from the University of Potsdam, Germany and Banaras Hindu University, India. She was a senior scientist at UMass Worcester, North Carolina State University, and University of Florida Gainesville. She is a senior editorial board member of *Proteins and Peptide Letters* and a contributing editor for *Vacuum Technology & Coating Magazine*.

Shyamasri Biswas Biotechnology Kiosk, Gainesville, Florida United States of America

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Basanta Bhowmik*

*by Rayan A. Ahmed*

**Section 2**

on COVID-19 *by Burcu Biterge Süt*

**Section 3**

**Preface XV**

Transmission Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Genome Sequencing **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

**Chapter 3 45**

Spike Protein Receptor Epigenetic Regulation **59**

**Chapter 4 61**

**Chapter 5 77**

Stem Cells Extracellular Vesicles Ex-Vivo and 3D Models **97**

**Chapter 6 99**

Epigenetic Regulation Mechanisms in Viral Infections: A Special Focus

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging

*by Hugo C. Rodriguez, Manu Gupta, Emilio Cavazos-Escobar, Enrique Montalvo, Saadiq F. El-Amin III and Ashim Gupta*

Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Healing Strategies of COVID-19

Control of an Epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 by Assessing Transmissibility

Whole Genome Sequencing: A Powerful Tool for Understanding the Diversity of Genotypes and Phenotypes among COVID-19

of Its Infected Cases in Absence of a Suitable Vaccine

Infected Patients to Help in Controlling Outbreaks

Glycan and Its Role in Combating COVID-19 *by Swapan Kumar Chatterjee and Snigdha Saha*

Alternative to Combat COVID-19

*by Bidisa Sarkar and Kamalesh Sarkar*
