**Table 8.**

*The results of product distribution through the hydrotreating process.*

determine the selectivity of the catalyst. GC-MS analysis provides information from the hydrolyzed α-cellulose hydrotreating process. Selectivity is the tendency of a catalyst to produce certain components. The trends in the types of products produced in this study are functional chemicals.

The data in **Table 9** below can be used to explain the selectivity of catalyst use in the hydrolyzed α-cellulose hydrotreating process. The selectivity of the catalyst for the hydrotreating reaction can be seen based on the percentage of the main components of the resulting liquid fraction. The hydrotreating process both thermally and with a catalyst produces the main components of the same liquid fraction, namely acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and ethanal, but with different liquid fraction percentages. But overall the hydrotreating products with mordenite after HNO3 treatment still have the same compound as the pyrolyzed α-cellulose, these compounds are thought to be compounds from pyrolysis that do not convert to other compounds after hydrotreating.

Acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and ethanal were produced with the highest product percentages of 11.03% (w/w), 11.49% (w/w), and 9.26% (w/w) on the use of an AM0.1 catalyst. The main components of the hydrolyzed α-cellulose hydrotreating liquid product in the form of acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (dihydroxyacetone) and ethanal are functional compounds that are widely used. Acetic acid is widely used as a food additive and is a very important chemical in various chemical industries. Acetic acid is an important industrial chemical used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl acetate, and so on [26]. Study of [27] produced a 1-hydroxy-2-propanone compound which is used as a spice in food, colorants and additives in cosmetics. Ethanal is a compound that can be used as a solvent in the production of rubber, in tanning leather, in the paper industry, as a preservative for fruit and fish, and as an additive in flavorings in food.

The selectivity of the liquid fraction resulting from hydrotreating α-cellulose hydrolyzed using mordenite after NaOH treatment is shown in **Table 10**. **Table 10** shows that hydrotreating α-cellulose is hydrolyzed using mordenite after NaOH treatment to produce the main liquid fractions, namely ethanal and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone. Hydrotreating after NaOH treatment can produce hydrocarbon and alcohol group compounds that are not produced in hydrotreating by using mordenite after HNO3 treatment. This is due to the formation of a mesoporous structure on the catalyst after NaOH treatment.


#### **Table 9.**

*Selectivity of hydrolyzed a-cellulose hydrotreating liquid fraction using mordenite after HNO3 treatment.*


*The Effect of HNO3 and/or NaOH Treatments on Characteristics of Mordenite DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96444*

#### **Table 10.**

*Selectivity of hydrotreating a-cellulose liquid fraction by using mordenite after NaOH treatment.*

**Table 10** shows that the use of the BAM0.5 catalyst in the hydrolyzed α-cellulose hydrotreating reaction gives the percentage of components of the hydrocarbon group, namely 1-pentene 0.44% (w/w) and 2-heptuna 2.75% (w/w) which is the fraction C5 and C7. The C5 and C7 fractions are included in the gasoline fraction where the gasoline fraction is a hydrocarbon that has a carbon chain range from C5-C12 [28], and produces an alcohol group compound, namely 1-propanol 3.05% (w/w). Joshi [29] stated that alcoholic fuels have been shown to increase the octane value and can be used as diesel and diesel fuel. Other catalysts as a whole only produce carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes and esters. This shows that BAM0.5 has a Si/Al ratio, pore size, surface area, acidity, and has a good crystal structure and can work optimally in producing gasoline and alcohol fractions through the hydrolyzed α-cellulose hydrotreating process.

### **4. Conclusions**

HNO3 and/or NaOH treatments caused an increasing Si/Al ratio of mordenite HM with Si/Al ratio of 9.8 to 13.8; 14.1; 8.8; 14.8 and 15.3 which are AM0.1, AM0.5, BHM, BAM0.1 and BAM0.5, respectively. HNO3 and NaOH treatments decreased the total acid sites from 3.67 to 3.84; 2.27; 4.24; 4.19 and 2.85 mmol NH3 g−1 were AM0.1, AM0.5, BHM, BAM0.1 and BAM0.5, respectively and the treatments did not cause damage to the crystalline structure of the mordenite. NaOH treatment can produce mesoporosity in mordenite, which respectively have an average pore diameter of 2.96; 3.34 and 4.53 nm as BHM; BAM0.1 and BAM0.5. Catalyst BAM0.5 has selectivity to 1-pentene 0.44% (w/w); 2-heptyne 2.75% (w/w) and 1-propanol 3.05% (w/w) from the hydrolyzed α-cellulose hydrotreating product.

## **Acknowledgements**

The authors would like to thank The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, the Republic of Indonesia for the financial support under the scheme of PDUPT 2020.
