**1. Introduction**

This chapter will contain the relevant information about co morbid conditions and the exercise prescription (Ex Rx) guidelines, recommendations for individuals with metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The Exercise Treatment guidelines and recommendations are prescribed using the *FITT* principle of Ex Rx. There is a knowledge gap in relation to volume and progression for the chronic diseases and health conditions which will be addressed in this chapter. In these diseases, the recommendations provided for healthy populations should be followed with clinical expertise for the lifestyle diseases. The chapter will include all of these while focusing on new tools available for same.

#### **2. Diabetes mellitus**

Diabetes mellitus (DM)- a metabolic diseases involves an elevated blood glucose concentration (*i.e.*, hyperglycemia) as a result of faults in insulin secretion and/or an inability to consume insulin. There are four types of diabetes, based on etiologic origin: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational (*i.e.*, diagnosed during pregnancy), and other specific origins (*i.e.*, genetic defects and drug induced); however, most patients have T2DM (90% of all cases) followed by T1DM (5–10% of all cases). The type of diabetes diagnosed depends on the circumstances present at the time of diagnosis, with some people not exactly fitting into a clear single category (such as having T1DM or T2DM), and clinical presentation and disease progression may vary considerably vary between the various types of diabetes [1].
