**7. Cardiac diseases**

People with cardiac disease are benefitted from taking part in lifestyle modifications. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is used to implement exercise and lifestyle modifications and consists of a holistic intervention to reduce risk and promote an active lifestyle for individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) [32]. CR is typically delivered in both inpatient (previously termed *phase I CR*) and outpatient (previously termed *phase II CR*) settings and reduces the death rate and incidence of disease in persons with various cardiac diseases by stabilizing, slowing, or even reversing the progression of the atherosclerosis. The benefits provided by CR are significant at population as well as individual level as subsequent health care costs may be reduced following participation [33], with cost-effectiveness greater in patients with a higher chance for subsequent cardiac events. The following are the indications and contraindications for Exercise prescriptions:

### **7.1 Indications**

Stable angina Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Post-myocardial infarction (stable) Stable heart failure caused by either systolic or diastolic dysfunction (cardiomyopathy) Valvular heart disease/surgery Peripheral arterial disease At risk for coronary artery disease with diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or obesity
