**3. Epigenetic in sports**

Since the human genome was decoded 10 years ago, the challenge is to form a complete map of the genome, which can be based primarily on linear DNA sequences to describe individual theoretical talents. Ideally, the map should include all polymorphic regions, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion deletions (indels), and copy number variations (CNV), as well as their potential effects. Phonological and physiological, such as genes and genes Interaction, gene–environment interaction and regulation of the epigenetic mechanism of genes. Therefore, the observation of exercise physiologists has turned to progress in molecular genetics that might provide answers to crucial queries in determination of individual limits of physical capability and skill. Considering the number of body systems (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nerve, etc.) that must take action, athletic performance is one of the most advanced characteristics of humans. Perhaps the first obvious difference between different professional athletes is the

#### *Genotypic Variation and Talent Identification in Sports DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100466*

body shape (that is, height and body composition). Certain body types will naturally adapt to certain sports. On the far side body morphology, endurance, strength, and power are primary factors underlying athletic performance. The primary evidence for study genetic influences on physical capability has derived from various twin studies, starting in the late 1970s and continuing through the 1990s [5, 6]. The study explains variance in performance, capacity for endurance trainability, maximal oxygen consumption VO2max, strength and other key traits (physiological and psychological), was estimated to be approximately 50% [6, 7]. Aerobic endurance is the ability to maintain aerobic effort over time, such as running or cycling. At the most basic level, aerobic endurance requires the ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to functional muscles and therefore the ability of muscles to use this oxygen. The most common measure of endurance is the rate of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). However, VO2max does not perfectly correlate with endurance performance (e.g. running a marathon), as other factors such as economy and ventilation threshold also affect performance.

Muscle strength is the ability of a muscle to receive force. Muscle strength. is usually quantified by a rep's maximum. Muscle strength is the interaction between strength and speed of muscle contraction (for example, an explosive movement such as a vertical jump). Strength and muscle strength are essential in sporting events such as sprinting, jumping, and weightlifting. Other side regulation of transcription by epigenetic modifications, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and a variety of DNA-binding transcription factors has a strong impact on many physiological processes. These factors are known to be plagued by internal and external influences [8]. However, the ability to test these often specific tissues can help identify talented athletes; however, quantifying epigenetic changes can, in some cases, be difficult. Many epigenetic changes are often tissue specific and transient [9]. Increasing knowledge in the field of epigenetics during recent years has had crucial consequences for classical quantitative genetic concerns [10]. Because the epigenome may be a major regulator of gene activity, the question arises as to how and to what extent it contributes to phenotypic variance. Epigenetic processes are partially reversible and can occur during different developmental stages [11]. Histone modifications are in a constantly changing state, while DNA methylation is generally thought to be more stable, which can have a lifelong influence on gene expression. Within individuals, the epigenetic structure is specific to the cell type [12]. and is passed from cell to cell (generation) by mitosis [6]. To effectively classify the genetic determination of performance characteristics, it is necessary to recognize that the epigenome may be inseparable from physical performance characteristics. Although it is difficult to explore the direct impact of epigenetic modifications on physical performance, there are many phenotypic characteristics that are intrinsically linked to exercise and exercise physiology.
