**3. Basic assessment of the impact of aerobic exercise on the body ingaged in physical activity**

This section substantiates and offers indicators and methods for assessing the level of endurance, functional state, adaptive capabilities and performance of the body, allowing you to quickly and objectively assess the impact of physical activity on the body of people who regularly engage in physical culture [8].

The main indicators by which the effectiveness of the content and methods of physical training performed by modern students, as well as other amateurs of physical activity is judged are the level of endurance development, the functional state of the body, the adaptive capabilities and performance. Periodic evaluation of these indicators allows you to determine on the one hand – the degree of influence of physical training, on the other – to clarify the effectiveness of the tools and methods used.

The proposed method of monitoring the level of strength and general endurance of students is recommended to be carried out independently or in a group with a frequency of approximately once every 1 or 3 months using the following tests:


Walking on a step with a height of 0.4 m is estimated by the number of ascents in 3 minutes – the more ascents, the higher the level of physical endurance. At the same time, you should strictly observe the conditions for performing the test – completely straighten the torso and legs.

Indicators of the functional state are the characteristics of the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, and the motor system.

The state of the cardiovascular system is assessed by the indicators of heart rate, systolic (SP), diastolic (DP), pulse pressure (PP), endurance coefficient (EC). Registration is carried out by generally accepted methods with metered physical activity of the step-test sample. The data obtained during the examination in the state of muscle rest, as a rule, do not allow us to fully assess the functional state of the body, in particular, the cardiovascular system and its reserve capabilities. Various load tests are used for this purpose.

The "step test" is a three-minute physical activity in the form of walking on a step with a height of 0.4 m at a pace of 30 steps per minute. In this case, the registration of indicators is carried out before the load (sitting at rest), at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes of the recovery period.

Based on the obtained data, the endurance coefficient (EC) and the step test index (I) are determined.

The endurance coefficient is used to assess the fitness level of the cardiovascular system.

$$EC = \frac{CCR}{PP} \mathbf{x10},\tag{1}$$

*Basic Tools and Techniques for Assessing Strength and General Endurance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96993*

where.

CCR – cardiac contractions rate;

PP – pulse pressure.

An increase in the endurance coefficient associated with a decrease of PP indicates a detrained cardiovascular system.

The cardiovascular system has several levels of regulation. It is a functional system, the end result of which is to ensure the necessary level of functioning of the body. These facts give reason to consider the circulatory system as a universal indicator of the adaptive and accommodative activity of the entire organism. The state of the respiratory system allows you to evaluate breath-holding tests on the inhale (Shtange's test) and on the exhale (Gencha's test). The results of the tests are evaluated by the time of holding the breath.

The state of the motor system can be judged by the indicators of students' physical fitness. The study of the students' psychological state is carried out by observation, survey and using the questionnaire HAM (health – activity – mood) demonstrated in the **Table 2**. The HAM questionnaire is designed to characterize the emotional state of military personnel due to the influence of physical training. The task of the subject is to correlate subject's state with a number of polar assessments presented to one. There is a short version of the questionnaire below with seven gradations of states, which are evaluated by points from 3 to 0:

+3 – strong increase (decrease – 3);

+2 – distinct increase (decrease – 2);

+1 – small increase (decrease – 1).

Zero denotes unchanged from the original state.

On the questionnaire form, the subject writes his last name, initials, date and time of filling in. Then, against each of the seven points of the questionnaire, a circle is drawn around the score that, in his opinion, corresponds to his condition.

The points obtained for each of the seven indicators are summed up according to the **Table 3**, and the maximum possible test result is 49 points [16].

The adaptive capabilities of the body are judged by the results of physical tests. At the same time, for these purposes, we propose an integral indicator of the functional capabilities of the body.

For this purpose, two types of physical activity are used:


A three-minute step test is used as a metered activity. At the same time, the use of only this load does not allow us to fully identify the physiological reserves of body adaptation – for this it is necessary to make higher demands on the body.

So, K. Cooper, on the basis of experimental studies, showed that the distance that a person can overcome in 12 minutes is proportional to the value of one's maximum of oxygen consumption.

Similar results were obtained by WD McArdle and co-authors when evaluating the dynamics of human cardiorespiratory adaptation during exercise on a treadmill and cycling [17, 18].

Comparing the results of laboratory tests and running tests, it was found that the latter are as accurate in assessing functional capabilities as the results of complex laboratory experiments.


#### **Table 2.**

*Self-assessment questionnaire*


#### **Table 3.**

*Processing of completed questionnaires on a scale in points*

The performance indicators of the two considered loads are combined in a single formula for assessing adaptive capabilities:

$$FI = \frac{I}{\text{T}3km} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{10}.\tag{2}$$

where.

FI-functional indicator of adaptive capabilities in relative units;

I – the index of the step test in relative units;

T3km – running time for 3 km, min.

The physiological meaning of the above formula is that it reflects, on the one hand, the cardiac cost of metered work, and on the other – the ability to maximize the mobilization of the body's reserves.

The step test index is determined by the generally accepted formula:

$$\text{I} = \frac{\textbf{180} \times \textbf{100}}{\textbf{P2} + \textbf{P3} + \textbf{P4}} \tag{3}$$

where

I – is the index of the step test;

P2, P3, P4 – heart rate at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th minute of the recovery period after exercise.

The performance can be judged by many of the considered indicators, including tests for assessing physical fitness, adaptive capabilities of the body. The main indicator of human performance is considered to be the maximum oxygen consumption. The value of the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) reflects the level of person's physical performance.

To determine the MOC, the step-test is convenient to use. The power of the work performed in this case, the heart rate and the nomogram to get the value of the MOC [16].

The most important information about the impact of physical training is the dynamics of the main body state indicators during the training process. Therefore, it is necessary to keep a strict record of the body state indicators obtained during monitoring and self-control.

For rapid assessment of the functional state, a step-test can be used, where after a three-minute load, the heart rate should be determined immediately after the work phase (CCRw), at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes of the recovery period. At the 4th minute, the blood pressure is measured: systolic (SP) and diastolic (DP).

The functional state of the body can be judged:

CCRw – the heart cost of work (HCW), the lower the indicator, the higher the functional capabilities of the body;

CE – the coefficient of endurance, its increase indicates the detrainment of the cardiovascular system;

I – the index of the step test, the higher the indicator, the higher the functional capabilities of the body.

CE and I are calculated using the above formulas.

An additional survey on the HAM questionnaire will allow to assess the wellbeing, activity, and mood of the students.

For a more complete assessment of the functionality, it is necessary to conduct races for 1 km or 3 km. The results obtained provide important information, since it is a high-power load and its performance is largely determined by the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Methods and scale scoring indicators of power and overall endurance development allow to quickly and objectively assess the functional state of students or amateurs of physical culture in the process of their physical perfection, and to determine the effectiveness of their tools and techniques of training, to ensure harmless and motivating process of physical activity, to minimize or eliminate the adverse impact of exercise on the body [19].

Nowadays, the issue of maintaining a healthy lifestyle in a consumer society and maintaining the public health of the population is relevant. According to Federal State Statistic Service, in 2019 only 12% of the Russian population considers themselves fully adhering to the principles of healthy lifestyle. This indicator is calculated based on several criteria. This includes smoking cessation, daily consumption of vegetables and fruits in an amount of at least 400 g, adequate physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of intense physical activity per week), etc.. To increase the attractiveness of the elements of healthy lifestyle for young people, incentives have been introduced for admission to higher educational institutions for passing the standards of the Civil Defense Squads (CDS) complex and other sports achievements. The article considers the XRF indicators of young people aged 18–24 years, substantiates the claims that the use of mobile services helps to achieve the desired physical fitness indicators.

For the purpose of the study, data from 50 Strava users of both sexes, who were randomly selected, systematically used the program's services and regularly, at least 3 times a week, shared the total results of all their physical activities – walking, running, cycling. The data obtained after mathematical processing are presented in **Table 4**, in which the average annual total indicators of 25 men and 25 women are calculated [12].

According to **Table 4**, the average speed of a man's regular physical activity is 2.33634 km/h lower than the target average speed in the "5 km run race" test. This indicates an insufficient level of men's endurance development of this sample. The actual average speed does not allow them to pass the CDS standard for the Golden Badge of Distinction, shown in the **Table 5**, without special direct training. To give a more complete degree assessment of physical fitness of the selected group of men, let us compare their performance with the standards necessary for passing the CDS for the Golden Badge. As an example, consider cross-country running, because this type of physical activity is most similar to running on the street, which the subjects are engaged in.

When comparing the indicators, it is clear that the average mobile service user does not fit into the standard of the CDS, since its "endurance coefficient" (the ratio of time to distance) and the average speed are lower than the calculated ones. Thus, it should be concluded that the level of overall endurance of the examined men is insufficient. However, if we pay attention to the more individual data of each participant, we can note a different picture. The results of 7 out of 25 men are close to the coefficient required for successful completion of the CDS complex, which is 28% of the total number of subjects.

A similar situation is observed among women. According to the **Table 6**, it can be concluded that the average speed of women using the mobile service is lower than the estimated speed (**Table 7**). This fact shows an insufficient level of overall endurance in the category of women.

Comparing homogeneous indicators of "coefficient endurance" of the women, and the test of the CDS VI stage "3 km run race", it is clear that the rate in equal measure is not valid, as in the case with men.

When considering the individual indicators of the surveyed participants, it was found that 6 out of 25 women can pass cross-country running in accordance with the standard of the CDS, which corresponds to 24% of the total number of surveyed women.


#### **Table 4.**

*Annual average total indicators of physical activity of the test subjects-users of the mobile service (men).*


#### **Table 5.**

*Comparison of homogeneous numerical indicators (men).*


#### **Table 6.**

*Annual average total indicators of physical activity of the test subjects-users of the mobile service (women).*


### **Table 7.**

*Comparison of homogeneous numerical indicators (women).*

Based on the performed analysis and data processing, it can be concluded that the level of overall endurance of mobile service users is not sufficient to pass the CDS test "from scratch", without specially directed training. Elementary calculations of the personal XRF and their comparison with the target indicators will help in planning the process of preparation for passing the standards of the CDS complex. The study showed that monitoring the personal results of the XRF has a motivating effect on users, contributes to the progress indicators, and makes this process interactive and interesting.
