**6. Numerous features of grid modernization technique**


Urban grids have grown over decades with population and inflation and now face multiple extension and technical problems to accommodate more demand growth and related (stringent) criteria in terms of reliability. The exponential growth in demand has pushed power grids closer to their capacity limits. In conditions without sufficient voltage and local reactive energy source, where the infrastructure encounters very severe occurrences, the municipal power grid could be vulnerable to voltage collapse or blackouts.

	- new circuits to reduce overloads of circuits or to boost current circuits
	- new transformers or advancement of present ones to mitigate substation overloads
	- new or current transformers to reduce sub-station overloads
	- Phase-shifting transformers for the regulation of active power transfer in mesh networks (PST) also called phase-angle regulators (PARS), sen transformers (TS) as well as VFS (Variable Frequency Transformers).
	- Reactive power compensators for voltage balance and energy shift, for example shunting reactor or condenser banks and Static Var (SVcs), or static sync compensators for energy change (Statcoms).

**Figures 7** and **8** is the general metropolitan electricity grid structure. It consists of the major transmission networks extra high-voltage (EHV), the sub-high-voltage

#### **Figure 7.**

*The urban power grids are typically divided into multiple load areas by electric utilities for convenience in planning and operating of the system [14].*

#### **Figure 8.**

*The optimised network explanations solutions are needed to address for increasing multiple network [14].*

transmission networks, transmission substations, primary generation substations and municipal power generation systems. The city grid is normally split into load areas or load areas that determine the portions of the grid allotted to facilitate system planning and electricity operations. The charging areas which have different *Smart Grid Modernization: Opportunities and Challenges DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97892*

**Figure 9.**

*The architecture of the relaxed framework suggested. (IoEV charges the electricity automatically via WPT in the proposed system. The billing is securely paid via WAVE technology and block chain) [15].*

requirement features, service efficiency and specifications for power quality. Usually in the range of voltage from 345 to 500 kV, the eHV main transmission networks transfer bulk electricity from and from external sources. In certain metropolitan power grids municipal power also forms a large proportion of the overall energy supply. Many of these units are old, less effective and dispatched to provide operational reserves and voltage-support functions as consistencies mustrun units. Many of these ageing thermal units will possibly be phased out in the near future due to economic reasons and environmental restrictions.

New problems of hybrid electric car wireless power transfer and safe Internet billing Intelligent grid modernisation and Internet incorporation of electric cars (IoEVs) have gained significant interest because of the power and speed they provide as represented in **Figure 9**. Furthermore, growth of magnetic resonance or wireless inductive transmission (WPT) technologies can increase performance and convenience in power transmission. However, there are many issues that need to be overcome to incorporate such a convenient method. Moreover, it is especially difficult to develop an effective and stable accounting method when IoEVs are loaded automatically in the anticipated convenient system.
