**11. BIG data analytics in multiple cloud for IoT-based smart grid architecture**

A.**Need of Big Data Management in IoT-aided SG Systems-** IoT technology is combined with SG at an expense that requires vast quantities of data to be managed routinely and saved. This information covers market load demand, electricity usage, status of network components, power lines failures,

*Smart Grid Modernization: Opportunities and Challenges DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97892*

#### **Figure 16.**

*Fixed metre IoT embedded SG architecture. The components, sensor and power supply networks, IoT server and user interfaces. The sensor and actuator networks are made up of sensor and actuator nodes as well as IP passages. The IoT server has a message dispatcher, an IoT client, a data processing unit, a settings database, a user database and a safe access manager. The user interfaces include the visualisation interface, the web service API and the configuration interface [36].*

advanced metering reports, failure control records and requirements for forecasting. In other words, the service companies must be able to store, handle, and process information obtained from IoT devices safely and easily using hardware and software [44]. From application to application, the rate of data processing and stored for IoT-aided SG systems varies. Some programmes, for instance, execute their functions at a certain day time, including weather forecasts, which can be done every day at night. Another programme performs its functions at any point, such as online real-time tracking of transmission power lines, which means that the management and analysis of its data needs attention. Big data analytics can help handle tremendous knowledge in real time.

The key decision-making feature in SG is the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) scheme. It gathers data from IoT sensors spread around the grid and provides online surveillance and control in real time. It also helps control network power flow to achieve consistency of use and stability of power supply. It is typically situated at separate locations of services on local machines. As the SGs increase in complexity, utilities are facing a challenge to update and expand SCADA networks. Cloud storage is a good option for hosting SCADA systems in order to solve this problem.

On-demand cloud infrastructure provides access to a common pool of computing resources, including storage, computing, networking, device, server and operation.

#### **Figure 17.**

*Big data processing classification into platforms and methods of IoT-assisted SG programmes. Cloud and fog processing are on the platforms, while MapReduction and stream processing are the techniques [36].*


#### **12. Future perspectives of the grid modernization**

The change in the delivery stage of the electrical power system depends on several factors. The vision might be brief as follows:

