**2. Micro-grids**

Distributed energy resources (DERs) and their integration into existing electric grids call for innovations in planning and operation of such resources. Micro-grids facilitate this integration and offer flexibility by providing capability to operate in different modes including grid-connected, stand-alone, and hybrid. Microgrids also improve the system reliability and efficiency by optimizing the interaction of DERs such as battery storage, EVs, renewable generation, etc. Challenges and complications associated with operation, reliability, control, and protection need to be addressed comprehensively in the design phase for the successful implementation of micro-grids throughout the electric grid [1].

#### **3. Smart grids**

Unlike traditional electric grids with unidirectional flow of power from generators to consumers, smart grids provide bidirectional flow of both power and data to offer additional benefits including DER integration, data-driven and automated functions such as self-healing actions, and self-awareness, among others.

Smart grid development involves several challenges such as outdated technology, security vulnerabilities in its computation, communication and control subsystems, and interaction among smart grid main components including software, hardware, network, user, server, and data. In addition, high volume, high velocity, and high variety data generated by sensors, smart meters, phasor measurement

units (PMUS), and automated revenue metering systems (ARMs) create big data which requires big data analytics and processing methods, and associated technologies to optimally, securely and reliably store and process such data [2].
