**10. Smart grid architecture model (SGAM)**

The SGAM is a reference architecture intended to show the cases of SG architecturally. This was the result of an EU Mandate M/490 reference working group [37, 38]. SGAM primarily consists of five component layers: business, functionality, content, communication and layers. These are referred to as interoperability layers. Each interoperability layer contains a smart grid plane covering electrical space and knowledge processing areas. The main aim of this model is to show which areas of data management communicate with each other.

Three-layered Architecture- The three-layer IoT-assisted SG architectures have been used extensively in [39], focusing on the IoT-assisted method's characteristics. As seen in **Figure 13**, the architecture consists of three layers, a vision layer, a network and an application layer.


#### **Figure 13.**

*IoT-aided SG structures, with a vision layer, network layer and device layer, have a three-cover architecture.. The layer consists of two sub-layers, a sub-layer for contact expansion, and a perception [36].*

ecosystem in real time based on the information obtained by the network layer. There are several aspects of the IoT-assisted SG systems presented in **Figure 3**. It comprises an infrastructure/middleware frame and various types of records, web and directory resources servers. IoT technology computing, delivery and services are offered through the application/middleware infrastructure. The key components of the application layer are information sharing and secrecy. The deployment layer would particularly increase for SGs who can provide far richer data sets.


#### **Figure 14.**

*IoT-aided SG systems' four-layered architecture built on the SG features. It consists of a terminal layer, a field network layer, a remote connection and a system layer for the main station [36].*

because fixed and stagnant schedules do not fit in with consumer lifestyles or because there are volatile business dynamics. Users are now using their smartphones or PCs to change energy conditions using IoT technology. This allows users to comply with their own schedules by adjusting policy as and where necessary to easily respond to accidents. The IoT interface has been proposed in 2015 for the effective control of smartphones and cloud computing services. This new framework transforms the existing statically energy management system and central control modes, which generally consists of different buildings, to complex and dispersed energy control on the user side of SG. This frame is seen in **Figure 7**, which includes four key elements, (i) energy conservation policy for multiple sources, (ii) telephone tracking and monitoring, (iii) automated access position-based control and (iv) data storage and computing cloud network. The premise of an enterprise consists of a variety of separate sections, including campuses, houses, offices, laboratories and offices, each with different energy needs and regulations, which are essential in terms of energy use management. Each family member often has a preference for energy usage in a single home, which has to be taken into account. As seen in **Figure 15**, there are several layers in different stages in this scheme of energy saving techniques. This management strategy framework (e.g., building, department, lab and room).

6.**Web-enabled SG Architecture-** In [43], for IoT-assisted SG frameworks, Web architectures have been proposed (**Figure 16**). A number of IoT

**Figure 15.** *Network-enabled SG architecture with IoT-advanced web services [42]. There are two different categories of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, all linked to modern energy metres [36].*

computers provide access to online services, which are the guidance of the web browser to these web services. There are several online sites in the Internet. Two forms of energy exist: non-renewable and renewable energy. Nonrenewable energy sources are thermal energy stations like coal and oil fires, which release carbon dioxide into the air and the nuclear power stations. Renewable energy is an environmentally friendly alternative which comprises hydropower, wind turbines, solar, biogas and biological fuel as well as geothermal, tidal/wave fuels.

It consists of three key components, the network of a sensor and drive, the simulator and IoT server. The sensor and actuator network comprises sensor and actuator nodes and IP gates. The IoT system has an IoT message sending computer, an SG database, a data processing server, a software setup, a settings unit, a device log and a safe Access manager. User interfaces are a visualisation interface, a gui settings, and an API Web Server.
