**4. Energy storage systems**

Energy storage systems facilitate integration of intermittent renewable sources such as wind and solar by charging during periods of high renewable generation and discharging when renewable generation is deficient. This provides several benefits such as renewable energy arbitrage, energy, ancillary services, hedge against forecast uncertainty, etc. [3]. However, the charging/discharging of storage systems and their coordination with renewable generation must be optimized in consideration of the system operation.

EVs and their battery storage systems can also be used for renewable integration in modern electric grids [4]. However, the EVs adoption for such service is more complicated than energy storage systems due to their mobility and stochastic driving patterns. Stochastic optimization is therefore required to optimally charge and discharge EVS while providing incentives for EV drivers to participate in such services [5].
