**5. Dynamics of morpho-biochemical and immunological parameters of blood and micromorphometric characteristics of the organs of the immune system of poultry using different concentrations of humic acid salts**

The problem of natural resistance of poultry to diseases and unfavorable environmental factors has been studied by many researchers. Currently, interest in this issue is growing, which is explained by the need to know the features of the manifestation of the body's protective adaptations, that is, its resistance under different conditions of poultry rearing, feeding rations, etc. Nonspecific protective factors and adaptive capacity are in the body. It has a number of non-specific means of defense, neutralizing xenogeneic factors independently or in combination with each other [3, 22].

The purpose of the research was to study the dynamics of morpho-biochemical and immunological parameters of blood and micromorphometric characteristics of the organs of the immune system of poultry using different concentrations of humic acid salts. The functional and ontogenetic features of the first stage of poultry development were taken into account during the experiment.

According to the results of the studies, at 22 days of age, the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood in broiler chickens, both in the intact and experimental groups, were at the same level. So, the total protein level was 32 ± 0.4 g/l, the glucose level - 3.5 ± 0.05 mmol/l, the urea concentration was 3.7 ± 0.25 mmol/l, the hemoglobin level was 103 g/l, the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes - 26 × 109/l and 3.25 × 1012/l, respectively.

By the age of 35 days, a general increase in protein was observed in all study groups. The greatest increase was in birds of the 1st experimental group - 5 g/l. The glucose level increased in the intact group by 1.1 mmol/l, in the 1st experimental group by 1 mmol/l, in the 2nd - by 1.2 mmol/l, and in the 3rd group - by 1.1 mmol/l. The concentration of urea decreased and amounted to 1.2 mmol/l in the 1st and 3rd experimental groups, and 1.3 mmol/l in the control and 2nd experimental groups., In the 3rd experimental group the hemoglobin level decreased and amounted to 91 g/l, while in the intact group, this indicator was 87 g/l. The number of leukocytes was within the norm, and ranged from 21.2 × 109/l in the control group and up to 22.7 × 109/l in the 2nd experimental group. Compared with the 22nd day of the experiment, there was a decrease in the number of leukocytes. The number of erythrocytes decreased and amounted to 2.3 × 1012/l in chickens of the intact group, and in chickens of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups it was 2.07, 2.07 and 2.32 × 1012/l, respectively.

By the age of 41 days, the highest total blood protein was in the 3rd experimental group (46 ± 0.4 g/l). The glucose level in all studied groups was the same and amounted to 5.5 ± 0.14 mmol/l. The concentration of urea, in comparison with 35th day, increased and amounted to: 1.4 ± 0.05 mmol/l in the control group, 1.3 ± 0.05 mmol/l in the 2nd experimental group, 1.1 ± 0.05 mmol/l and 1.03 ± 0.05 mmol/l in the 1st and 3rd experimental groups, respectively. The hemoglobin level increased by 10 g/l in chickens from the intact and 2nd experimental groups, by 18 g/l - in the 3rd experimental group.

The number of leukocytes in the blood of chickens of all studied groups increased. The greatest increase was in the experimental chickens of the 3rd group and amounted to 24.2 × 109/l. The smallest number of leukocytes was in the control

**91**

*Role of Humic Substances in Formation of Safety and Quality of Poultry Meat*

group - 23.4 × 109/l. Compared to the 35th day of the experiment, the number of erythrocytes in control chickens increased by 0.05 × 1012/l and amounted to 2.35 × 1012/l, which was the smallest indicator of all studied groups. The largest number of erythrocytes, on 35th and 41st days of the experiment, was in the

Analysis of the research results showed that by the end of the experiment, the indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity of the blood serum of broiler chickens indicate a positive effect of different concentrations of humic acid salts on

In chickens of the experimental groups, lysozyme activity of blood serum exceeded the analogs from the control by - 10.40, 12.09 and 12.28%, bactericidal activity of blood serum was higher than in the control group by 1.58, 1.76 and

When using the feed additive "Reasil®HumicHealth" based on humic acids at a dose of 1.5 and 2 g/kg of feed, indicators of lysozyme activity of blood serum of broiler chickens of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups are statistically significant (P < 0.05) in relation to the control. Any statistically significant differences in the bactericidal activity of blood serum were not observed in all studied groups (P < 0.05). An increase of hemoglobin by 12 g/l, erythrocytes - 0.8 × 1012/l, total protein - 4 g/l, leukocytes - 0.8 × 109/l, as well as lysozyme and bactericidal activity in all experimental groups indicates an increase in nonspecific resistance organism. The maximum dynamics was in the 3rd experimental group, where the additive was

By the end of the experiment, the micromorphometric characteristics of the immune system organs of broiler chickens (by the age of 41 days) were characterized as follows. In the spleen of experimental poultry groups, in contrast to the intact, the average number and diameter of follicles exceeded by 11.94, 12.43, and 12.82%, respectively. The number and diameter of germ cents were higher by 30.18, 30.48, and 30.87%, respectively. In the factory bursa, in all experimental chickens, in contrast to the control group, the number and relative area of follicles were 28.6, 29.34, and 32.30% higher, respectively. The relative areas of the cortex and medulla of the follicles exceeded by 23.57, 27.16 and 30.32%, respectively. In the thymus of experimental chickens, in contrast to the intact ones, the relative area of the lobules of the cortical and medullary layers was greater by 18.46, 22.14 and 27.47%, respectively. The number of Hassal's bodies in experimental broiler

**6. Organoleptic characteristics and yield of culinary products from** 

The taste qualities of the meat of the experimental poultry were evaluated by tasting, which allows one to reveal the influence of feed additives on it. The meat was subjected to mechanical (chopped semi-finished products) and heat treatment (cooking, frying. The smell (aroma), texture (hardness, tenderness), taste were determined. When developing culinary products, weight loss and the yield of the

Analysis of the data shown in **Table 5** suggests that fattening broilers with feed based on humates increases the yield of culinary products from poultry meat after

For the periods of the study, the best results were in the production of chopped

semi-finished products - chicken cutlets and croquettes, cooked by frying in the oven. This is probably due to the highest content in the poultry meat of the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96595*

1.79%, respectively.

used at a dose of 2 g/kg of feed.

**poultry meat**

heat treatment.

experimental chickens of the 3rd group - 3.15 × 1012/l.

chickens was 27.15% higher than in the control group.

finished product were taken into account.

the indicators of nonspecific resistance of the poultry organism.

#### *Role of Humic Substances in Formation of Safety and Quality of Poultry Meat DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96595*

group - 23.4 × 109/l. Compared to the 35th day of the experiment, the number of erythrocytes in control chickens increased by 0.05 × 1012/l and amounted to 2.35 × 1012/l, which was the smallest indicator of all studied groups. The largest number of erythrocytes, on 35th and 41st days of the experiment, was in the experimental chickens of the 3rd group - 3.15 × 1012/l.

Analysis of the research results showed that by the end of the experiment, the indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity of the blood serum of broiler chickens indicate a positive effect of different concentrations of humic acid salts on the indicators of nonspecific resistance of the poultry organism.

In chickens of the experimental groups, lysozyme activity of blood serum exceeded the analogs from the control by - 10.40, 12.09 and 12.28%, bactericidal activity of blood serum was higher than in the control group by 1.58, 1.76 and 1.79%, respectively.

When using the feed additive "Reasil®HumicHealth" based on humic acids at a dose of 1.5 and 2 g/kg of feed, indicators of lysozyme activity of blood serum of broiler chickens of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups are statistically significant (P < 0.05) in relation to the control. Any statistically significant differences in the bactericidal activity of blood serum were not observed in all studied groups (P < 0.05).

An increase of hemoglobin by 12 g/l, erythrocytes - 0.8 × 1012/l, total protein - 4 g/l, leukocytes - 0.8 × 109/l, as well as lysozyme and bactericidal activity in all experimental groups indicates an increase in nonspecific resistance organism. The maximum dynamics was in the 3rd experimental group, where the additive was used at a dose of 2 g/kg of feed.

By the end of the experiment, the micromorphometric characteristics of the immune system organs of broiler chickens (by the age of 41 days) were characterized as follows. In the spleen of experimental poultry groups, in contrast to the intact, the average number and diameter of follicles exceeded by 11.94, 12.43, and 12.82%, respectively. The number and diameter of germ cents were higher by 30.18, 30.48, and 30.87%, respectively. In the factory bursa, in all experimental chickens, in contrast to the control group, the number and relative area of follicles were 28.6, 29.34, and 32.30% higher, respectively. The relative areas of the cortex and medulla of the follicles exceeded by 23.57, 27.16 and 30.32%, respectively. In the thymus of experimental chickens, in contrast to the intact ones, the relative area of the lobules of the cortical and medullary layers was greater by 18.46, 22.14 and 27.47%, respectively. The number of Hassal's bodies in experimental broiler chickens was 27.15% higher than in the control group.
