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## Meet the editor

Dr. Payam Behzadi was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1973. He began his collaboration with the Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University as a faculty member in 2004. He has a BSc and MSc in Microbiology and a Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and now continues his scientific activities in the position of assistant professor at Islamic Azad University. He has authored and edited more than twenty

chapters and academic books and more than seventy original and review articles. His scientific research interests include urinary tract infections, antibiotics, bioinformatics, genetics, gene profiling, molecular biology, and cellular and molecular immunology. Dr. Behzadi trains as an ice skater in his free time.

Contents

**Section 1**

for Interleukin-16 *by Gregory D. Maniero*

**Section 2**

**Preface XI**

Interleukins' Classification and Evolutionary Features **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 17**

Autoimmune Diseases and Low Immune System **33**

**Chapter 3 35**

**Chapter 4 47**

**Chapter 5 69**

Cancer and Injuries **87**

**Chapter 6 89**

Therapeutic Potential of IL-9 in Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases *by Ahmed Ummey Khalecha Bintha, Amani Souwelimatou Amadou,* 

From Pregnancy Loss to COVID 19 Cytokine Storm: A Matter

IL-17 Biological Effects and Signaling Mechanisms in Human

*by Samuel Evans Adunyah, Richard Akomeah, Fareed K.N. Arthur,* 

A World of Wonders: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 Families *by Márió Gajdács, Herney Andrés García-Perdomo, Meysam Sarshar,* 

Evolutionary Conservation of the Role of CD4 as a Receptor

*Daniela Scribano, Cecilia Ambrosi and Payam Behzadi*

Interleukin 6 in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis *by Yogita Sharma, Neeraj Kumar and Devyani Thakur*

*Mursalin Md Huzzatul and Muhammad Fauziyya*

of Inflammation and Coagulation

*Roland S. Cooper and Joshua C.M. Williams*

*by Fortunato Vesce*

Leukemia U937 Cells

**Section 3**

## Contents


#### **Chapter 7 113**

The Role of Interleukins after Spinal Cord Injury *by Daniel J. Hellenbrand, Rylie M. Roddick, Sophia M. Mauney, Ryan T. Elder, Carolyn N. Morehouse and Amgad S. Hanna*

Preface

Interleukins, as a collection of cytokines with a pivotal role in immune and non-immune systems, are spread across the human body. These multi-functional glycoproteins support the human body in different conditions and situations, for

Indeed, interleukins have different functions, characteristics, and structures. Hence, these diverse biomolecules are classified into different families and

Interleukins have different patterns of behavior in different conditions. These

immune glycoproteins act as variable molecules in health and diseases. Their activities depend on the related conditions and act in a cascade pattern. This characteristic of interleukins makes them invaluable biomarkers in diagnostics. Therefore, in recent years, interleukins are recognized as effective options for prognosis, diagnosis, and

This book is the outcome of international collaboration, cooperation, and teamwork

It is divided into three main sections: "Interleukins' Classification and Evolutionary Features", "Autoimmune Diseases and Low Immune System," and "Cancer and

The first section includes two chapters: "A World of Wonders: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 Families" and "Evolutionary Conservation of the Role of CD4 as a Receptor for Interleukin-16". These chapters reveal the classification and evolutionary

Section two includes three chapters: "Interleukin 6 in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis", "Therapeutic Potential of IL-9 in Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases", and "From Pregnancy Loss to COVID 19 Cytokine Storm: A Matter of Inflammation and Coagulation". These chapters provide invaluable scientific information regarding autoimmune diseases and the role of interleukins, weakened immune systems in

Section three includes two chapters: "IL-17 Biological Effects and Signaling Mechanisms in Human Leukemia U937 Cells" and "The Role of Interleukins after

*Interleukins - The Immune and Non-Immune Systems' Related Cytokines* is the outcome of sincere and effective collaboration between the editor, chapter authors, and publisher, all of whom actively and effectively contributed to the production of this

I wish to thank my great colleagues including Dr. Márió Gajdács (from Hungary), Prof. Andrés García-Perdomo (from Colombia), Dr. Meysam Sarshar (from Italy),

between a collection of international scientists around the world.

pregnant women, and COVID-19 and related interleukins.

example, in health and in diseases.

control of related conditions in the human body.

subfamilies.

Injuries".

features regarding their topics.

Spinal Cord Injury."

scientific reference.
