**2.2 Nasal index**

4. Stature

5.Teeth

6.Hair

7.Religion

8.Fingerprints

9.Footprints

11. Scar marks

12.Anthropological factors

bones and thus help in identification.

A thread that binds parameters such as race, sex, age and stature is human osteology or forensic Osteology. Bones and teeth of the skeleton resist putrefaction or decay. Hence they are a cornerstone for the determination of individual existence. Scientists employ their knowledge of the human skeleton in interpreting the

*Forensic Analysis - Scientific and Medical Techniques and Evidence under the Microscope*

Human forensic osteology is the study or application or knowledge of human

Human bone measurements play vital role in the determination of race. The important bones that are useful for race determination are the skull and the long

Index is defined as a percentage expression of the ratio of a smaller dimension

The cephalic index (CI) is calculated from the skull according to the following

Cephalic length is the distance between the most anterior and posterior point of the outer table of the skull or occipitofrontal diameter (OFD). Cephalic width is the distance between the outer skull tables at the widest points of the skull or biparietal diameter BPD [2]. Cohens [3] classifies race on the basis of cephalic index as dolichocephaly (long headed) up to 75.9 e.g. Pure Aryans, Caucoids and Negroids, mesocephaly (round headed): 76.8–80.9 e.g. in few Caucoids (Europeans) and Mangoloids, and brachycephaly (Short headed): 81.0–85.4 e.g. Mongoloids, with

ðcephalic width*=*cephalic lengthÞ � 100 (1)

bones in the field of forensic science to assist the administration of justice. In this chapter, we will mainly consider race, age and sex parameters.

bones of the limbs. Various indexes are given for these.

hyperbrachycephaly exceeding 85.5 e.g. Kyushu of Japan.

10.Tattoos

**2. Race**

equation:

**106**

over the larger one.

**2.1 Cepahalic index**

Nasal anthropometry is the study of proportion, shape and size of the nose in human beings. The nasal index is the ratio of nasal width to nasal height multiplied by 100.

$$\text{Nasal Index} = \text{Nasal Width} \ast \text{100/Nasal Height} \tag{2}$$

It also exhibits sexual differences and has become an important tool in forensic studies. The general shape of the nasal base has long been broadly classified as the leptorrhine or long/narrow nose, the mesorrhine or medium nose and the platyrrhine or short broad nose [4].

Leptorrhine: Lesser than 70. Caucoids Mesorrhine: 70–85 Mangloids Platyrrhine: greater than 85; Negroids

In a study in Nigeria on Igbo and Yoruba males and females, it was observed that both had the same type of nose Platyrrhine, but differences still existed. The report showed that the Igbo males and females had mean nasal indices of 95.8 � 0.44 and 90.8�0.61 respectively while the Yoruba males and females had mean nasal indices of 90.0�0.38 and 88.1�0.47 respectively. The Igbo (Total) had mean nasal indices of 94.1 � 0.37 while the Yoruba (Total) had mean nasal indices of 89.2�0.30. The mean nasal indices of Igbo males and females were significantly higher than those of Yoruba males and females [5].
