*4.1.2.1 Turner pelvic index*

Turner [26] described the shape of the pelvic inlet based on the conjugate diameter (anteroposterior diameter) and transverse diameter of pelvic inlet. It is also known as the Brim Index.

Brim Index ¼ Turner Pelvic Index

¼ ðConjugate diameter anteroposterior diameter ð (3)

∗ 100*=*transverse diameter of pelvic inletÞ

On the basis of the index, Turner divided inlet into three classes as follows Platypellic = less than 90 (90 not included) Mesatipellic = 90 to 95 (both 90 and 95 included) Dolichopellic = greater than 95 (95 not included)

He found that the brim index in males is somewhat lower than in females.

### *4.1.2.2 Ischiopubic index (Washburn index)*

The ishchiopubic index is given by Washburn [27]. It is calculated as follows

$$(\text{Public length} \ast \text{100/Ischial Length})\tag{4}$$

Both lengths can be measured with a vernier caliper from the point in the acetabulum where the ilium, ischium and pubis fuse, which may be a notch, raised or irregular area in the acetabulum. The caliper should be held parallel to the long axis of the bone. The author also suggested that the index alone will determine sex from skeletal remains of any one particular population race by up to over 90%. However, overlapping may occur in the skeletal remains of different races as found in white males and black females (**Table 5**).


**Table 5.**

*Showing ischiopubic index in white and blacks.*

found that the ventral arc is the least ambiguous and medial aspect of the ischiopubic ramus as the most ambiguous trait among the three traits studied.

**Sr. No Characters of bone Male Females**

2 Symphysis Higher Lower

4 Subpubic shape Convex Concave 5 Pubic bone shape Triangular Rectangular 6 Ventral arc Absent, not well Well defined 7 Obturator foramen Large, often ovoid Small, triangular

3 Subpubic angle V-shaped (<90°) U-shaped: rounded;broader

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Less massive, gracile, smoother

divergent obtuse angle (>90°)

Small, tends to be directed

anterolaterally

surface edge

5 segments the rule

Shorter, broader, with tendency of marked curvature at S1–2 and S2–5;

Smaller, close, deep Larger, wider, shallower

Relatively smaller Oblique, shallow, spacious

1 Pelvis as a whole Massive, rugged, marked muscle sites

8 Acetabulum Large, tends to be directed

9 Greater sciatic notch

20 True pelvis, or cavity

**Table 4.**

**112**

laterally

12 Auricular surface Raised Flat 13 Postauricular space Narrow Wide

18 Sacrum Longer, narrower, with more

*Shows classical morphological sex differences from pelvis.*

10 Ischiopubic rami Slightly everted Strongly everted 11 Sacroiliac joint Large Small, oblique

14 Preauricular sulcus Not frequent More frequent, better developed 15 Postauricular sulcus Not frequent More frequent, sharper auricular

16 Ilium High, tends to be Vertical Lower, laterally divergent 17 Iliac tuberosity Large, not pointed Small or absent, pointed or varied

> evenly distributed curvature; often 5 or more segments

19 Pelvic brim,or inlet Heart shaped Circular, elliptical

the pelvis is of the female sex.

pelvis and ischiopubic proportions.

Kelley [22] observed after applying the Phenice technique in 392 mature pelvis of both sexes from collection from University of California, Berkeley and Sacramento State University that the Phenice method of sexing with three virtual traits is very reliable and also found that fewer intermediate features are present with the ventral arc and if intermediate features are present in two or all the three traits, then

Bruzek [23] found 95% accuracy in sex determination by using a new visual method taking into account five traits of the hip bone, namely the preauricular sulcus, the greater sciatic notch, the composite arch, the morphology of the inferior

Bytheway [24] studied thirty-six traits digitally of 200 African and European American male and female adult humans' coxae and showed that sex and size have a significant effect on shape for both European Americans. The discriminant analysis
