**Author details**

Sachil Kumar1 \*, Geetika Saxena<sup>2</sup> and Archana Gautam3

1 Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2 Department of Forensic Science, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences (SLAS), Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh (Sikar), Rajasthan, India

3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India

\*Address all correspondence to: skumar@nauss.edu.sa

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**101**

16-25.

*Forensic Analysis and Interpretation of Tool Marks DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98251*

> [10] Petraco ND, Chan H, De Forest P, Crim D, Diaczuk P, Gambino C. Application of Machine Learning to Toolmarks: Statistically Based Methods for Impression Pattern Comparisons.

[11] Grieve TN. Objective analysis of toolmarks in forensics [Graduate Theses

[12] Hueske EE. Firearms and toolmarks. In: Mozayani A, Noziglia C. editors. The

Procedures and Practice. Humana Press; 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-

[13] Biasotti A, Murdock JE. Firearms and toolmark identification: Legal issues and scientific status. Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony. 1997:124-151.

[14] Lee HC, Harris HA. Physical Evidence in Forensic Science, Lawyers and Judges Publishing Co. Inc., Tucson,

[15] Burd DQ, Kirk PL. Tool marks. Factors involved in their comparison and use as evidence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951).

[16] Houck MM, Siegel JA. Chapter 16-paint analysis. Fundamentals of Forensic Science (2nd ed), Academic Press, San Diego. 2010:391-408.

[17] Champod C, Lennard CJ, Margot P, Stoilovic M. Fingerprints and Other Ridge Skin Impressions. 1st ed. CRC Press; 2004. https://doi.org/10.1201/

[18] G.S. Klees,The categorization of toolmarks and tool types, AFTE Journal,

and Dissertations. 13014]. 2013. Available from: https://lib.dr.iastate.

Forensic Laboratory Handbook

National Institute of Justice;

2012

edu/etd/13014

872-0\_9

AZ. 2000.

1942;32(6):679-686.

9780203485040

49 (2017), p. 14

[1] Zheng AX, Soons J, Thompson R, Villanova J, Kakal T. 2D and 3D topography comparisons of toolmarks

[2] Levin N. The Forensic Examination of Marks A Review: 2010 to 2013.

[3] Nichols RG. Defending the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline:

Responding to recent challenges. Journal

[4] Nichols R. The scientific foundations

[5] Mozayani A, Noziglia C, editors. The

Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice. Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.

[6] Miller J. An introduction to the forensic examination of toolmarks. AFTE Journal. 2001;33(3):233-247.

[7] Forensics H. History of Forensics | Alibi Channel [Internet]. Alibi.uktv. co.uk. 2020 [cited 29 December 2020]. Available from: https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/

[8] Burney I, Pemberton N. Making space for criminalistics: Hans gross and fin-de-siècle CSI. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 2013;44(1):

[9] Biasotti AA. The principles of

evidence evaluation as applied to firearms and tool mark identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1964;9(4):428-433.

article/history-forensics/

identification—A response to recent challenges. California Association of Criminalists News. 2006:8-27.

of Forensic Sciences. 2007;52(3):

of firearms and tool mark

produced from consecutively manufactured chisels and punches. AFTE Journal. 2014;46(2):143-147.

**References**

2013:1-52

586-594.

*Forensic Analysis and Interpretation of Tool Marks DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98251*
