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## Meet the editor

Dr. Zhengchao Wang is a full professor at the College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, China. He is a Principal Investigator for the General Program for the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Program for New Century Excellent Talents in the University of Ministry of Education of China. He is also a team leader in the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Key Laboratory of

Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2008 and has a long teaching and research career. He has published 172 scientific papers in English or Chinese, participated in approximately 32 grants, and published 12 books as the editor in his specialty and related diseases.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

and Management

*and Ahmad Alwazzan*

*by Zainab Abdulameer Abdulrasol*

*and Jothi Priya Amirtham*

**Preface XI**

Maternal Mortality and Life Quality **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 21**

Pregnancy and Preterm Labour **39**

**Chapter 3 41**

**Chapter 4 57**

Papillary Neoplasm and Melanoma **89**

**Chapter 5 91**

Maternal Mortality Ratio in Low Income Developing Countries *by Riffat Mehboob, Syed Amir Gilani, Sidra Khalid, Amber Hassan* 

Assessment of Primary Dysmenorrhea and Its Effect on the Quality

Challenges Facing during Pregnancy and Measures to Overcome

*Anna Chalkidou, Xanthoula Anthoulaki, Spyridon Michalopoulos,* 

*Constantinos Nikolettos, Apostolos Lazarou, Stefanos Zervoudis,* 

Papillary Neoplasm of Breast-Changing Trends in Diagnosis

of Life among Female Students at University of Babylon

*by Gayatri Devi Ramalingam, Saravana Kumar Sampath* 

*by Panagiotis Tsikouras, Anastasia Bothou, Aggeliki Gerede, Ifigenia Apostolou, Fotini Gaitatzi, Dorelia Deuteraiou,* 

*Georgios Dragoutsos, Ioannis Tsirkas, Irini Babageorgaka, Theopi Nalbanti, Natalia Sachnova, Alexios Alexiou,* 

Premature Birth, Management, Complications

*Panagiotis Peitsidis and Nikolaos Nikolettos*

*by Amrit Pal Singh Rana and Manjit Kaur Rana*

### Contents



Preface

According to the United Nations, the global population in 2015 exceeded 7.3 billion, and the gender ratio gap between men and women is not large, which means that there are about 3.6 billion women in the world. Therefore, providing 3.6 billion women with high-quality healthcare services and quality is an important global concern. The global focus on women's health began in the 1970s. The United Nations designated 1975 as International Women's Year and 1976–1985 as the world's Decade for Women. In 1995, the Fourth World Conference on Women put forward the Beijing Declaration, with "equality, development and peace" as the main axis. Representatives of 189 countries jointly signed the Beijing Platform for Action, strongly advocated that countries should pay attention to women's issues, and began publishing "Current Situation and Future Trend of Global Women's Statistics." This publication addresses eight topics: population and family, health, education, work, rights and decisionmaking, violence against women, environment, and poverty. It describes the latest statistical data of women in the world and provides a brief analysis that can be used as a reference for countries to plan women's health policies and healthcare services. It is a world trend to attach importance to women's health. The United Nations Population Fund believes that the role of the government is very important if women are to have a bright future. The government is an important force to ensure women's right to health. The role of the government in promoting women's health should be reflected in the following aspects. The first is to support gender equality with legal policies, the second is to ensure the relationship between women workers and employers, and the third is to encourage research on gender-related issues. The 3.6 billion women in the world live in different countries, different social environments, different cultures, and different medical care systems, and each woman plays multiple roles and responsibilities, which highlights the diversity and complexity of women's health problems. Taking women as the main body, we should change the health inequality caused by the gender bias of social and cultural concepts, strengthen the integration strategy of cross fields and departments, and provide appropriate health plans and care for women taking into account ethnic groups, ages, causes of death, disease status and life events. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in global women's health, focusing on the most important evidence-based developments

We sincerely thank Prof. Mehboob Riffat, Dr. Abdulrasol Zainab Abdulameer, Dr. Devi Gayatri, Prof. Tsikouras Panagiotis, Dr. Rana Amrit Pal Singh, Dr. Ramaraj Pandurangan, Dr. Congjian Shi, Dr. Bilani Nadeem, and Dr. Ali Shazia for their

> **Dr. Zhengchao Wang** College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University,

> > Fuzhou, China

in this critically important area.

contributions.
