**2. History of robotic cardiac surgery**

The use of robotic assistance in surgical procedures dates back to 1985, when Kwoh et al. used a robotic system to improve the accuracy of CT-guided brain tumor biopsies [3]. Davies et al. later used robotic techniques for transurethral resection of the prostate in 1991 [4]. Peaked interest in robotic applications in surgery led to the development of new robotic systems. In 1996, Carpentier et al. conducted the first robot-assisted cardiac procedure, which was a mitral valve repair [5]. In 1999, Mohr et al. [6] and Loulmet et al. [7] performed CABG with the aid of a robotic platform. Over time, robotic-assisted CABG procedures evolved from single-vessel to multi-vessel, and its use has since then expanded to the integration with hybrid applications.
