**2.1 Conventional cytogenetic**

Conventional banded karyotyping for the detection and prognosis of genetic diagnosis is considered as the gold standard. It has been used to analyze genome modifications that include both genome gains and losses, as well as rearrangements within and between chromosomes [5]. Conventional single cell and metaphase cytogenetics are important in tumor genetics for disease control, tumor staging, and research purposes to recognize chromosomal regions containing genes and proto-oncogeneses of putative tumor suppressors [6].
