Contents



**III**

**Section 6**

South Africa

*by Julia Manyelo and Debbie Habedi*

*by Mamare Adelaide Bopape*

of Outpatients in Rural Areas

at Rural Settings

Communities

*by Tebogo Maria Mothiba*

Care and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes **225**

**Chapter 15 227**

**Chapter 16 245**

**Chapter 17 259**

**Chapter 18 271**

**Chapter 19 285**

**Chapter 20 299**

Assessment of Follow-Up Care Received by Patients with Hypertension at Primary Health Care Facilities in Tshwane District of Gauteng Province,

The Use of the Conceptual Framework to Develop a Training Programme for Home-Based Carers Who Care for People with Cardiovascular Diseases

The Importance of Health Literacy Related to Medications Instructions to Promote Adherence in People Living with Cardiovascular Diseases

Self-Management Strategies to Curb the Development of NCDs in Rural

Family-Centered Diabetes Care for Better Glycemic Outcomes

*by Mabitsela Hezekiel Mphasha and Tebogo Maria Mothiba*

Exploring Cardiovascular Diseases Treatment in Africa *by Masebata Ramathebane, Lineo Maja and Molungoa Sello*

*by Charity Ngoatle and Tebogo Maria Mothiba*


**II**

**Chapter 7 109**

**Chapter 8 119**

**Chapter 9 135**

Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Diseases **149**

**Chapter 10 151**

**Chapter 11 163**

**Chapter 12 177**

Metabolic Syndrome and Reproductive Health **189**

**Chapter 13 191**

Type 2 Diabetes **215**

**Chapter 14 217**

Association of Anthropometric Parameters with Blood Pressure

*by Moloko Matshipi, Hlengani James Siweya and Phuti Joanna Makgae*

Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Women Aged 15-49 Years in Zimbabwe: Evidence from the 2005/6, 2010/11

Smoking and Non-Communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa:

Lifestyle and Epidemiology: Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases

*by Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie* 

Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Urban Population versus

Alcohol Consumption Practice and Associated Risk Factors among

*by Mbelege Rosina Nkwana, Gift Makaleng, Mafoloa Suzan Monyeki,* 

Metabolic Syndrome in Reproductive Health: Urgent Call for Screening

and 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey *by Kudzaishe Mangombe, Naomi Wekwete, Amos Milanzi,* 

and Blood Glucose among Ellisras Children

*Ronald Musizvingoza and Charles Lwanga*

*by Abayomi Ayodapo and Babalola Ibisola*

a Double Burden in African Populations

Rural Population in Sub-Saharan Africa

University of Limpopo Students

*by Emmanuel Limbole Bakilo, Dadi-Serge Nkarnkwin, Lucette Womba, Venance Atheno, Mireille Kika, Jean Booto,* 

*Reagan Wiyaka, Martine Ekeba and Gilot Ngoma*

*Hlengani James Siweya and Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki*

*by Shisana M. Baloyi and Kebogile Mokwena*

*by Ahmed Anas Guerboub and Ghizlaine Belmejdoub*

Type 2 Diabetes and Dysautonomy

*and Simeon Pierre Ckoukem*

The Nigeria Scenario

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

**Section 5**

Preface

The profile of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is changing rapidly in the rural South African population due to COVID-19, poverty, and other social factors. The South African National Development Plan vision for 2030 highlights key recommendations to reduce the prevalence of NCDs by 28% by the year 2030. Similarly, the World Heart Federation set the year 2025 to reduce the prevalence of NCDs by 25%. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 has already significantly impacted efforts towards attaining these national and global targets. Some individuals and families have been pushed into extreme poverty in low social-economic contexts. Therefore, there is an urgent need to tackle the triple burden of NCDs, poverty, and COVID-19. Unfortunately, literacy levels on the triple burden of disease and recommended lifestyle changes remain extremely low among individuals, families, and communities. Communities must seek new innovative ways of addressing issues facing the population with regard to obesity, overweight, hypertension, general health, smoking, alcohol abuse and low physical activity in line with a healthy living lifestyle. To succeed in changing the lifestyle of an individual first requires eradication of illiteracy by health professionals, academics, and scholars in terms of providing primary health information to these

sectors of the community through personal interaction.

Limpopo and Ellisras/Lephalale are well underway.

and Diabetes"

To that effect, the first and second Ellisras Longitudinal Study and Other

*Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations* is a product of these initiatives. The book is divided into six sections: Section 1, "Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases"; Section 2, "Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases"; Section 3, "Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Diseases"; Section 4, "Metabolic Syndrome and Reproductive Health"; Section 5, "Type 2 Diabetes"; Section 6, "Care and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

Non-communicable Diseases Studies International Conferences (ELSONCDICs) were organized during the period 28–29 November 2017 and 3–5 December 2019, respectively, at the University of Limpopo and Ellisras/Lephalale. The purpose of these ELSONCDICs was (1) to provide a unique inclusive platform for discussion by ordinary members of the Ellisras community, expert scholars, students, and experienced professionals from places all over the world offering a truly special international networking experience; and (2) to provide a comprehensive and interactive programme in which participants can cultivate their cross-cultural and communication skills while shining a light on different topics related to poverty, COVID-19, and NCDs. 3) to let the programme have a long lasting effect on the conference participants as well as the Ellisras/Lephalale communities as the knowledge gained will be taken back to our respective communities and families. An adjunct to the ELSONCDICs is the Phashasha newsletter, which is based on major NCD findings of other studies including the ELS. The language used in the Phashasha newsletter can be understood by ordinary people in the community, ensuring that the correct choice of lifestyle is an achievable goal. Preparations for the third ELSONCDIC scheduled for 22–24 November 2022 at the University of
