**7. Conclusion**

In view of the vicious circle of poverty, lifestyle and cardiovascular disease in Africa, we propose some solutions to break this cycle. Women of childbearing age need to be well nourished, empowered and educated. They are "the most proximal levers" on which we can act to ensure optimal foetal and infant nutrition to break the vicious circle of poverty; malnutrition, underdevelopment and non-communicable disease. Obstacles hampering primary and secondary prevention of CVDs in SSA such as insufficient health care systems and infrastructure, scarcity of cardiologists, skewed budget allocation and disproportionate prioritization away from NCDs, high cost of cardiac treatments and interventions coupled with rarity of health insurance systems in most African countries need to be urgently addressed by the various governments and ministries of health of different African countries.

**159**

**Author details**

Franck Ngowa Nzali1

and Simeon Pierre Ckoukem3,4

, Mazou Ngou Temgoua1

Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon

\*Address all correspondence to: joeltochie@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon

1 Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and

2 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine

3 Health and Human Development (2HD) Research Network, Douala, Cameroon

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

4 Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

, Joel Noutakdie Tochie2,3\*

*Lifestyle and Epidemiology: Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases a Double Burden in African…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95785*

*Lifestyle and Epidemiology: Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases a Double Burden in African… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95785*
