**3. Results**

**Table 1** showed descriptive statistics of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose stratified by gender. The study population comprised predominately boys (60%) with boy to girl ratio of 1.51:1. Boys showed higher mean values of age NC, WC, BMI and WHtR than girls. In contrast, girls had higher mean SBP, DBP and FBG values.

**Table 2** showed positive correlation for systolic blood pressure with NC (0.261\*\* and 0.252\*\*), WC (0.276\*\* and 0.208\*\*) and NC (0.264\*\* and 0.233\*\*) in boys and girls respectively. Positive correlation was found for diastolic blood pressure with NC (0.176\*\*), WC (0.272\*\*) and BMI (0.212\*\*) in boys. Negative correlation was found for fasting blood glucose with NC (−0.147\*) and positive correlation for fasting blood glucose with BMI (0.176\*)


*M = Mean; SD = standard deviation; NC = Neck Circumference (cm); WC = waist circumference (cm); BMI = body mass index (kg/m2 ); WHtR = waist to height ration; SBP = systolic blood pressure (mmHg); DBP = diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); FBG = fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).*

#### **Table 1.**

*Descriptive statistics of anthropometric parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose of Ellisras children age 6 to 11 years.*

**113**

**Table 3.**

*pressures.*

*Association of Anthropometric Parameters with Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose…*

FBG −0.029 0.075 0.044 0.131

*); WHtR = waist to height ration.*

*Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and blood glucose with* 

**Para meters β P-value 95%CI** Β **P-value 95%CI**

BMI 0.244 <0.001 1.390–2.901 0.161 <0.001 0.942–2.529 WC 0.240 <0.001 0.528–1.120 0.186 <0.001 0.296–2.072 WHtR −0.009 0.838 −49.434–40.129 0.069 0.135 −10.957–80.784 NC 0.242 <0.001 1.294–2.724 0.197 <0.001 0.780–2.485

BMI 0.156 <0.001 0.487–1.731 0.072 0.004 0.319–1.640 WC 0.177 <0.001 0.249–0.734 0.171 <0.001 0.190–0.758 WHtR 0.043 0.337 −18.486–53.846 0.091 0.053 −0.463–75.012 NC 0.134 0.003 0.307–1.488 0.120 0.026 0.098–1.515

BMI 0.046 0.312 −0.056–0.173 0.083 0.081 −0.014–0.229 WC −0.018 0.692 −0.054–0.036 0.034 0.516 −0.035–0.070 WHtR 0.027 0.551 −4.582–8.586 0.011 0.824 −6.137–7.704 NC −0.120 0.008 −0.254–-0.039 −0.104 0.054 −0.257–0.002

**SBP DBP FBG Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls**

**Unadjusted Adjusted for age and sex**

*); WHtR = waist to height ration.*

NC 0.261\*\* 0.252\*\* 0.176\*\* 0.102 −0.147\* −0.027 WC 0.276\*\* 0.208\*\* 0.272\*\* 0.065 −0.065 0.111 BMI 0.264\*\* 0.233\*\* 0.212\*\* 0.096 −0.004 0.176\* WHtR −0.046 0.058 0.064 0.025 0.031 0.035 *\*\*p < 0.001; \*p < 0.05 statistical significant; NC = Neck Circumference (cm); WC = waist circumference (cm);* 

**Table 3** shows the linear regression for the association of anthropometric parameters (NC, BMI, WC and WHtR) with DBP, SBP and FBG. There was a significant association of SBP with BMI (β = 0.244, 95%CI = 1.390–2.901), WC (β = 0.240, 95%CI = 0.528–1.120) and NC (β = 0.242, 95%CI = 1.294–2.724). **Table 4** showed binary logistic regression analysis for determining the odds of high blood pressure and high blood glucose using anthropometric parameters. After multivariate adjustment by age and gender, BMI (P = 0.046, β = 1.340, 95% CI = 1.005–1.788) showed to have significantly greatest odds for high SBP followed

*Linear regression analysis for the association of anthropometric parameters with, blood glucose and blood* 

*P value < 0.05 = statistical significant; CI = confidence interval;* β *= beta; NC = Neck Circumference (cm);* 

by WC (P = 0.025, β = 1.143, 95% CI = 1.017–1.285).

*WC = waist circumference (cm); BMI = body mass index (kg/m2*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95938*

*BMI = body mass index (kg/m2*

*anthropometric parameters.*

Systolic blood pressure

Diastolic blood pressure

Fasting blood glucose

**Table 2.**

*Association of Anthropometric Parameters with Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95938*


*\*\*p < 0.001; \*p < 0.05 statistical significant; NC = Neck Circumference (cm); WC = waist circumference (cm); BMI = body mass index (kg/m2 ); WHtR = waist to height ration.*

#### **Table 2.**

*Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases...*

**Table 1** showed descriptive statistics of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose stratified by gender. The study population comprised predominately boys (60%) with boy to girl ratio of 1.51:1. Boys showed higher mean values of age NC, WC, BMI and WHtR than girls. In contrast, girls had higher mean

*Gender-specific prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Ellisras children age 6 to 11 years. The prevalence of hypertension defined by SBP was higher in boys (5.4%) than in girls (5.1%), hypertension defined by DBP was higher in girls (9.7%) than in boys (8.4%) and that of type 2 diabetes* 

**Table 2** showed positive correlation for systolic blood pressure with NC (0.261\*\* and 0.252\*\*), WC (0.276\*\* and 0.208\*\*) and NC (0.264\*\* and 0.233\*\*) in boys and girls respectively. Positive correlation was found for diastolic blood pressure with NC (0.176\*\*), WC (0.272\*\*) and BMI (0.212\*\*) in boys. Negative correlation was found for fasting blood glucose with NC (−0.147\*) and positive correlation for

) 14.411 (1.203) 14.182 (1.368)

*); WHtR = waist to height ration; SBP = systolic blood pressure (mmHg); DBP = diastolic blood* 

NC (cm) 25.850 (1.350) 25.287 (1.275) WHtR 0.411 (0.022) 0.407 (0.023) WC (cm) 54.720 (3.153) 53.853 (3.354) *M = Mean; SD = standard deviation; NC = Neck Circumference (cm); WC = waist circumference (cm); BMI = body* 

*Descriptive statistics of anthropometric parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose of* 

**Variables Boys Girls** Age (years) 9.637 (1.351) 9.341 (1.086) SBP (mmHg) 96.621 (11.569) 97.740 (10.540) DBP(mmHg) 65.426 (8.930) 66.300 (9.216) FBG (mmol/L) 4.542 (1.900) 4.707 (1.160)

**112**

**Table 1.**

BMI (kg/m2

*mass index (kg/m2*

*Ellisras children age 6 to 11 years.*

**3. Results**

**Figure 2.**

SBP, DBP and FBG values.

fasting blood glucose with BMI (0.176\*)

*mellitus was higher in boys (16.9%) as compared to girls (12.2%).*

*pressure (mmHg); FBG = fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).*

*Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and blood glucose with anthropometric parameters.*


*P value < 0.05 = statistical significant; CI = confidence interval;* β *= beta; NC = Neck Circumference (cm); WC = waist circumference (cm); BMI = body mass index (kg/m2 ); WHtR = waist to height ration.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Linear regression analysis for the association of anthropometric parameters with, blood glucose and blood pressures.*

**Table 3** shows the linear regression for the association of anthropometric parameters (NC, BMI, WC and WHtR) with DBP, SBP and FBG. There was a significant association of SBP with BMI (β = 0.244, 95%CI = 1.390–2.901), WC (β = 0.240, 95%CI = 0.528–1.120) and NC (β = 0.242, 95%CI = 1.294–2.724).

**Table 4** showed binary logistic regression analysis for determining the odds of high blood pressure and high blood glucose using anthropometric parameters. After multivariate adjustment by age and gender, BMI (P = 0.046, β = 1.340, 95% CI = 1.005–1.788) showed to have significantly greatest odds for high SBP followed by WC (P = 0.025, β = 1.143, 95% CI = 1.017–1.285).

*Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases...*


*P value < 0.05 = statistical significant; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; NC = Neck Circumference (cm); WC = waist circumference (cm); BMI = body mass index (kg/m2 ); WHtR = waist to height ration.*

#### **Table 4.**

*Binary logistic regression analysis of anthropometric parameters with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.*
