**Author details**

Juan L. Cobo1,2\*, Sonsoles Junquera3 , José Martín-Cruces1 , Antonio Solé-Magdalena1 , Olivia García-Suárez1 and Teresa Cobo2,4

1 Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

2 Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, Oviedo, Spain

3 Servicio de Radiología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

4 Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

\*Address all correspondence to: juancobodiaz@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**73**

467:175-190.

*Proprioceptors in Cephalic Muscles*

[1] Dijkerman HC, de Haan EH. Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action. Behav Brain Sci.

[2] Proske U, Gandevia SC. The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol

Rev. 2012; 92: 1651-1697.

220: 19-27.

13:409-425.

2014; 38:135-159.

[3] Butler AA, Héroux ME,

Gandevia SC. Body ownership and a new proprioceptive role for muscle spindles. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 2016;

[4] Blecher R, Heinemann-Yerushalmi L, Assaraf E, Konstantin N, Chapman JR, Cope TC, Bewick GS, Banks RW, Zelzer E. New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018; 373 (1759). pii: 20170327.

[5] Miller AJ. Oral and pharyngeal reflexes in the mammalian nervous system: their diverse range in

complexity and the pivotal role of the tongue. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;

[6] Cattaneo L, Pavesi G. The facial motor system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.

[7] Frayne E, Coulson S, Adams R, Croxson G, Waddington G.

measured using the same

Anat. 2015; 227:115-135.

[9] Bewick GS, Banks RW.

Brain Res. 2016; 234:1679-1687.

Proprioceptive ability at the lips and jaw

psychophysical discrimination task. Exp

[8] Banks RW. The innervation of the muscle spindle: a personal history. J

Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle. Pflugers Arch. 2015;

2007; 30: 189-201.

**References**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96794*

[10] Ackermann PW, Salo P, Hart DA. Tendon Innervation. Adv Exp Med Biol.

[11] Heppelmann B. Anatomy and histology of joint innervation. J Peripher

[13] Macefield VG. Physiological characteristics of low-threshold

[14] Andreatta RD, Barlow SM.

Hear Res 2009; 52:1566-1578.

USA. 2014; 111:16877-16882.

452-467.

1974; 99: 34-44.

2007; 56: 362-383.

59:177-182.

[16] Macefield VG, Knllwolf TP.

Functional properties of human muscle spindles. J Neurophysiol. 2018; 120:

[17] Baumel J. Trigeminal-facial nerve communications. Arch Otolaryngol

[18] Lazarov NE. Neurobiology of orofacial proprioception. Brain Res Rew

[19] Yoshida A, Moritani M, Nagase Y, Bae YC. Projection and synaptic connectivity of trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus neurons

controlling jaw reflexes. J Oral Sci. 2017;

[12] Collins DF, Refshauge KM, Todd G, Gandevia SC. Cutaneous receptors contribute to kinesthesia at the index finger, elbow, and knee. J Neurophysiol.

mechanoreceptors in joints, muscle and skin in human subjects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005; 32:135-144.

Somatosensory gating is dependent on the rate of force recruitment in the human orofacial system. J Speech Lang

[15] Akay T, Tourtellotte WG, Arber S, Jessell TM. Degradation of mouse locomotor pattern in the absence of proprioceptive sensory feedback. PNAS

2016; 920:35-51.

Nerv Syst. 1997; 2: 5-16.

2005; 94: 1699-1706.
