**4. Importance of enteral feeding**

In the 1970s and 1980s, early researchers focused on sepsis found that enterallyfed, well-nourished animals had a 70% survival rate, whereas animals given PN had only a 10% survival rate, regardless of whether they were malnourished [34]. Initially this observation was hypothesized to occur from a lack of essential

nutrients in the PN formulation. However, further experiments showed that animal survival improved when the same volume and composition of PN components were provided orally [35, 36]. This outcome demonstrated the importance of gut stimulation and homeostasis.
