**4. Embolic stroke model**

This model is widely accepted as clots can be positioned precisely mimicking cerebrovascular clots of humans. Rodents will be anaesthetized using subcutaneous injection of a combination of fentanyl (1 mg/kg) and fluanison (3 mg/kg) followed by subcutaneous injection of atropine(0.015 mg) and intraperitoneal injection of diazepam (2.5 mg/kg). If necessary, continue the anaesthesia with one-third of the initial dose of fentanyl and fluanison. The right femoral artery needs to be catheterized with a polyethene tube to continuously monitor the blood pressure and collect blood samples for estimating blood gases and glucose level. The right femoral vein has to be catheterized for the administration of a drug. Throughout the surgical procedure and for the first 30 min after reversal of the animals' anaesthesia body temperature, it needs to be maintained at 37°C by using a heating lamp connected to a temperature probe in the rectum [42].

**Preparation of the emboli:** A 1 ml insulin syringe has to be filled with thrombin 60 U/ml saline. Once the femoral arterial catheter was fixed required amount of blood need to be drawn in another insulin syringe; within 20 s, syringes should be connected using a polyethene tube, and the suspension containing thrombin solution and blood in a mixture of 1:4 was moved 70 times from one syringe to the other for 3 min. The syringes should then be left in a standing position with closed compartments for 30 min until embolization.

**Carotid operation procedure**: The right external carotid artery (ECA) and its branches thyroid, occipital, pterygopalatine arteries need to be exposed and ligated. The catheter has to be inserted into the bifurcation and fixed with ligatures. Throughout the procedure, disturbance to the internal carotid artery's blood flow (ICA) must be avoided to avoid any intima injury. Heparinized saline (5 U/ml) need to be continuously flown in the catheter at a rate of 0.5 ml/h using an infusion pump to avoid clotting.

Merits of embolic stroke model [43]:


• It helps in producing neurobehavioural deficits in rodents, similar to that of deficits in humans.

Demerits of emboli stroke model: [44].

