**8. Cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP)**

Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) is considered the gold standard model for sepsis research and one of the most frequently used procedures to induce experimental sepsis in laboratory settings [53, 54]. Unlike in LPS model, endotoxic shocks are rare in humans and sepsis origin is often localized and the CLP model mimics the nature and evolution of human sepsis [55]. After a simple procedure, CLP induces sepsis secondary to a stercoral peritonitis. This is followed by bacteremia with an early inflammatory phase, followed by an anti-inflammatory response [53]. However, significant variability in mortality from one experimental protocol to another can lead to differing interpretations of the results and S-AKI.

## **8.1 Methods**


abdomen. Wipe done the shaved area 3 times alternating between 10% iodine and 70% ethanol. After the final ethanol wash, using either straight-edge or iris scissors, make a 1.5 cm midline cut into the skin only, approximately 0.5–1 cm away from xiphoid process.

