**3.2 Green Manufacturing Philosophies**

In order to accomplish Green Manufacturing, there is a prerequisite to set up a suitable method to achieve it. For this, there are one dozen Principles used as strategies for designing a green manufacturing process as depicted in **Figure 6**. Also, there is a need for assessment of product lifecycle, types of Energy and material used. After further developments, a basic framework consisting of five principles of Green Manufacturing was evolved as shown in **Figure 7**. The objectivity of both approaches highlights assessment in a manufacturing SME considering Product life cycle (PLC), by offering deep importance to eco-friendly resources [11].


#### **Figure 6.** *Green Principles and their scope.*

*Lean Manufacturing towards Green Manufacturing Practices and Its Implementation in SME's DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97389*


#### **Figure 7.** *Refined Green Principles.*

The product lifecycle (PLC) rudiments viz., designing, procuring, manufacturing, package and delivery, old product disposal and reuse, need to have Green Manufacturing ingredients. After extending the further analysis of product lifecycle stages, a more refined framework is evolved by polishing principles, practice and tools involved in lifecycle design. The proposed framework has three main segments viz., design, development, manufacturing and services. This framework emphasis on resource utilization, Production Planning and Control (PPC), product assembly and warehousing, packaging. A environmental-based study reveals that about 80% impact on social, economic and environmental is found out in the design of the Product/Process. Therefore a new study Design for Environment (DfE) is presented which includes elements of green technology in designing process/product based on its impact on the Product life cycle. One more analysis called life cycle assessment (LCA) on a product is comparatively vital in the first stage of product design by analyzing key environmental factors that influence the complete product life cycle [12]. These two analyses are closely related to emission/waste and are important in assessing the product features leading to environmental pollution.

In a Product Along with DfE and LCA, energy consumption pattern plays a vital role in SMEs. Nowadays Green Ideology is no longer a new word to the entire world. It is defined as the "usage of science in the environment to preserve the resource and environment to control the negative impact of human activity". Few Energyefficient technologies viz., co-generation, photovoltaic, biogas, etc. can enhance the green quotient of any SMEs. Even though settled green technologies are available they are not utilized to their full potential. So a lot of changes are required in terms

of technology and knowledge in order to achieve complete Green Manufacturing. Screening of new technologies to lessen pollution is a must-have a positive effect on the Management of Energy by optimization of resources in SMEs. Example Gas Turbine (GT) co-generation plant can cut operation cost by developing two or more forms of energy from a single source [13].

A Material requirement planning system (MRP) should consider material identification, selection procurement and consumption to help in understanding both quantitative and financial term. Also, an analytical model to assess and analyze the effect of environmental risk factors during manufacturing which can produce different types of waste. Industrial collaboration lets SMEs acquire quality resources having low waste deposition. This type of transformation process will involve adaptation, replacement and circumvention steps.


### **3.3 Enablers of Green Manufacturing**

Green Manufacturing as similar waste reduction resourcefulness as Lean Manufacturing. So it is important to bring into line green and lean waste in order to bridge the void between both approaches and also correlate them to improve performance. Typical green wastes like greenhouse gases, high resource consumption like energy, water etc., pollutant, rubbish, and Safety and health [13].

An interview conducted with SMEs in Indian Industrial clusters (i.e. Foundry, garments and printing press etc.) on green technology and it was found out impediments for implementing Lean and green approach. The productivity of the workforce and lack of Lean and Green expert in SMEs results from sluggish implementations of Lean and Green. Also, Low or No cost improvement in SMEs is always welcomed because the management of these SMEs are not keen on huge investment in new technology, since they don't possess the required expertise and proficient employee to lead the team. Also return on investment is also important to convince the management. If SMEs focus on smaller energy-efficient equipment it can pay substantially towards overall growth. One main observation in SMEs is if any wing in a manufacturing SMEs if initiated with green technology will go on to complete the implementation.

According to a survey on the Energy consumption pattern by International Energy Outlook (2016), it was found that industry alone is consuming 55% of the world energy, and consumption is increasing by 2.1% in 2018. This Energy production and consumption of fossil fuel is the main reason for global warming. The main factors which can control this undesirable consumption rate are the legislature, corporate image, competition, and tax holiday. Also, stakeholders of SMEs can create an urge towards Green Manufacturing. Government play a pivotal role in encouraging and backing the SMEs in implementing Green Manufacturing. To achieve these mandate, the government has offered tax holidays for SMEs who have gone green and funding's and the incentive is given to Green SMEs will augment Green Manufacturing. One such case is of the Japanese government, which have shown commitment and zeal in realizing the green approach by introducing the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) to have low-carbon technology collaboration

*Lean Manufacturing towards Green Manufacturing Practices and Its Implementation in SME's DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97389*

with few developing countries. In return, Japan will have reduced total Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Green technology like cogeneration/tri-generation can step up energy generation capability.

Today, educated customers have more awareness of global climate change and they can put pressure on the SMEs to include Green Manufacturing technology in their units. The customers are often pressurized and demand manufacturer which is directly related to competitor pressure. Many companies have improved their image and public perception by adopting green manufacturing technologies through their corporate social responsibility. Along with ISO 9000 certification for design and manufacturing company have to adopt green manufacturing technologies in order to acquire ISO14000 certification related to an environmental management system. ISO 14001 certified companies assess their supplier's environmental performances and compel their suppliers to adopt environmental practices [14].

Research unveils that Green Manufacturing mainly focuses on pollution, energy and waste management. Many SMEs around the globe have prioritized Green Manufacturing technologies and subsidy/incentives are given for their successful implementation. In facts, some SMEs have started green in their organizations without comprehending its actual benefits.

### **4. Lean integrated with Green Manufacturing**

The objective of both the approach is same i.e. minimizing non-value-added activities they can very effective when unified and implemented simultaneously. The growth of Lean and Green manufacturing approach is recently initiated and not more than the past decade mainly both by researchers and Industrialist as shown in **Figure 8**.

Both Lean and Green Manufacture are similar and effective approaches that can improvise global competition by improving productivity with zero-waste. Various apps have been developed for Lean Manufacturing that can support SMEs to integrate smart systems in their up and downstream processes thereby completely reducing waste and later it Green Manufacture can be accomplished with a positive vibe on operational and environmental performances.

**Figure 8.** *Commonalities between Green and Lean Manufacturing.*

Research shows that Lean Manufacturing creates a positive impact on the environment because these lean SMEs possess the ability to cut environmental pollution. SMEs who have adopted Lean Manufacturing for continuous improvement in their facilities resulted in high efficiency and better environment-friendly performance. Especially lean tools can be used to achieve Green Manufacture.

Implementation of Green Manufacturing has impacted positively on many SMEs by allowing the production utilities to perform better. It develops compatibility between environment and operation Management. The lean and Green approach is mutually complementary and augments the capability and efficacy of operations when related individually [15]. Both have the same objectives i.e. to enhance performance, quality, Lead time thereby reducing operation cost and creating a product with high values. This reveals the cross association between both manufacturing systems.

The integration of both approaches based on attributes like public and organization, waste, lead time, supply chain, tools, practices, performance indicators. **Figure 9** depicts the connection and lapping of Lean and Green, at an outset, both have the same traits but differently defined. The main similarity is in their objectives of waste reduction. It is seen that lean can maximize profit by reducing cost while green reduces environmental hazards thereby maintain ecological balance. Even though in **Figure 3** different objectives are stated for the lean and green approach, the Lean approach guarantees effective resource utilization by eliminating waste while the green approach reduces environmental pollution. So it can be said that both having different waste elimination approach but the same waste is targeted. This illustrates the symbiosis relation between the two approaches.
