**2. Cultivation, collection, and preparation with morphological characters**

These plants are cultivated in Northern Hemisphere countries mostly in China, Japan, Korea, United States, and Canada which requires a relatively cooler climate with temperatures between 0 and 25°C with loamy rich soil, well-drained land, and no direct sunlight, the shades are preferred. The height of the plant is 6 to 18 inches with greenish-yellow corollas with 15–30 flowers where light red, pear-shaped, globular fruits having 2 seeds.

Roots are thickened subcylindrical fleshy after drying the size is 25 cm long having 0.7–2.5 cm diameter, with 2–5 big branches where the outer surface is spirally wrinkled longitudinally with root scars.

The outer surface color differs in various varieties i.e., yellowish-white for Chinese and *Panax quinquefolius* and *Panax notoginseng* whereas yellowish-brown color for *Panax ginseng*. The taste is sweetish, mucilaginous and bitter sometimes where odor is slightly aromatic. The number of leaf scar in rhizome gives sign of age of plant. The yellowish-brown internal surface which is scattered with bark and wood containing brownish-red resin and oil [1, 2].
