**Figure 4.**

*Kinase Enrichment Analysis (KEA).*

**Figure 5.** *eXpression2Kinases Network.*

SPI1 and EGR1 (**Figures 2** and **3**). The kinases that were impacted by the action of ginseng active constituents include MAPK1, MAPK14, AKT1, CDK1, ABL1, ERK1 and ERK2 (**Figure 4**). Moreover, major intermediate proteins JUN, RARA, NCOR1, MYC, RB1, HDAC2, CSNK2A1 and others (**Figure 5**).

Zhang et al. [49] have reported ginsenoside, stigmasterol, β-sterol, β-elemene and β-selinene, kaempferol, panaxynol, ginsenoyne A, fumarine, girinimbin, elemicin, dauricine, and maltol, as part of secondary metabolites produced by ginseng. However, network analysis of ginseng-associated targets ginseng in treatment of depression which could occur in post-COVID19 period, identified AKT1, CASP3, NOS3, TNF, and PPARG as the core genes in protein–protein interaction network, and that ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, frutinone A and kaempferol were the key ingredients in ginseng for immune-regulation [50].

Based on curated data on UniProt database (www.uniprot.org), androgen receptor (Uniprot ID: P10275) involves in positive regulation of MAPK cascade, NF-kappaB transcription factor activity, insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway, and transcription by RNA polymerase II and III, as well as negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II, epithelial cell proliferation, and extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. HMG-CoA reductase (UniProt ID: P04035) involves in positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, stress-activated MAPK cascade, cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and cholesterol homeostasis, as well as negative regulation of MAP kinase activity, wound healing, and striated muscle cell apoptotic process, and it also give response to ethanol. Interleukin-2 (UniProt ID: P60568) involves in positive regulation of inflammatory response, transcription by RNA polymerase II, tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein, interferon-gamma production, B cell and activated T cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion, as well as negative regulation of inflammatory response, heart contraction, B cell apoptotic process, and lymphocyte proliferation, and it also give response to ethanol.

A comprehensive review of betasitosterol has reported several therapeutic potentials which include antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and antimicrobial activities, as well as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-pulmonary tuberculosis, angiogenic, immune modulation and anti-HIV effects [51].

## **4. Conclusion**

Knowledge of bioinformatics has not been fully applied to the study of ginseng in proportionality to the acclaimed medicinal properties from the ethnobotanical use.

This study has applauded Betasitosterol and Daucosterin as ginseng bioactive constituents that have several potential pharmacological effects in human, by modulating several proteins which include androgen receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, interlukin-2, and consequently impact the signaling cascade of several kinases such as Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as many transcription factors such as Polycomb protein SUZ12. Moreover, difference in pharmacological outcome of aqueous ginseng extract and ethanolic ginseng extract would necessitate holistic approach of extraction. Furthermore, chemical biology and *in silico* simulation of pharmacological potential of ginseng bioactive compounds (such as molecular docking and dynamics, drug–drug interaction) will yield significant insights to the presently unexplored molecular mechanisms of action to explain the therapeutic effect of ginseng.

### **Acknowledgements**

This research has no acknowledgment.

### **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

*Bioinformatics Exploration of Ginseng: A Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96167*
