**2. Virology and organoid**

It is well-known that immortalized cell lines and animal models have paved the way for identifying the pathobiology of obligate intracellular parasites or viruses. Despite their paramount role in this field, none can adequately reproduce human disease pathology or exactly recapitulate the homeostatic functions of a normal cell. Therefore, virologists have moved on from carrying out investigations on non-natural hosts to patient-derived organoid models to address the unmet need for human model systems in studying virology and its therapeutic interventions [27]. Organoid technology, a human-based model technique, has broadened the scope for studying viral infections by enhancing the translatability of results from *in vitro* cell cultures or *ex vivo* animal systems to a more human *in vivo* mimicking condition. Since the route of host-pathogen interactions largely varies based on virus nature

and its host type, including age, sex demographic profile, and genetic constitution of the hosts, it is crucial to have an accurate prototype of its natural host to conduct the experiments.
