**6. Health engaged architecture and urbanism certifications**

At the end of the 20th century were introduced building certification systems. At the architectural level, green building certifications of the 1990s concerned health issues, such as the 1990 Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and the 1993 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). They relate to **indoor air quality, ventilation, interior lighting and daylight, thermal comfort, acoustic performance and the quality of views**.

More health-oriented certifications started in the 2010s with the 2012 Fitwel, a joint initiative led by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and General Services Administration (GSA), or WELL Building Standard from the International WELL Building Institute, launched in 2014.

At the urban scale, healthy cities topics are only generally addressed by initiatives such as the WHO European Healthy Cities Network or the Urban Low Emissions Development Strategy (Urban LEDS). As for the LEED for Neighborhood Development, it repeatedly addressed health as a main issue: preferred location within existing cities to **avoid the health consequences of sprawl**, reduced motor vehicle use to reduce pollution, **promote bicycling**, **walkable streets** "to improve public health", **compact development**, **access to public space** and **connected community** "to improve public health", access to recreation facilities to "improve public health by providing **recreational facilities close to work and home**", **neighborhood schools** "to improve students' health by encouraging walking and bicycling to school [18]".
