*2.1.2 Ocular history*

*Current Cataract Surgical Techniques*

can be used.

satisfaction.

limitations of each IOL technology.

rates of IOL implantation [13].

**2.1 Medical history**

*2.1.1 General medical history*

**2. Preoperative diagnostic evaluation**

the lens extraction surgery is the most frequent surgical operation in Medicine, [5, 6] the postoperative loss of accommodation is yet to be adequately addressed. Different surgical approaches for the correction of presbyopia have been developed targeting the cornea and/or the crystalline lens [7]. A variety of technologies have also been introduced, primarily in the ophthalmological lasers and in the intraocular lenses (IOLs) aiming to restore the pre-presbyopic functionality of the human eye [8]. The ultimate goal is a spectacle-free visual capacity that imposes no limits to the social, personal, working needs of each patient [9–12]. As regards pseudophakic presbyopic corrections, the "ideal" IOL should restore the patients' vision without complications or visual compromises at all distances [13]. Premium IOLs, such as multifocal, accommodating and extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF), as well as pseudophakic monovision techniques achieved by monofocal IOL implantation or implantation of a combination of premium IOLs, are some of the available surgical approaches. When presbyopia is combined with astigmatism, multifocal toric IOLs

However, for the best possible refractive outcomes, solid and up-to-date information on the overall management of presbyopic patients is necessary. In specific, patient selection (according to personality, daily activities, and expectations), astigmatism assessment, topography, aberrometry, pupil assessment, ophthalmic surface, fundus assessment, and premium lens selection should always be taken into consideration before a presbyopic correction. In addition, in case of implantation of multifocal or multifocal toric IOLs, image-guided surgery could increase the accuracy of IOL centration (in multifocal and multifocal toric IOLs) and alignment (in multifocal toric IOLs), and optimize the refractive outcome increasing patient

Primary objective of this chapter is to analyze the fundamental preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management of patients that undergo pseudophakic presbyopic correction with conventional or digital-marking assisted techniques. In specific, this chapter aims to give an overview of the current IOL technologies for a pseudophakic presbyopic correction, patient selection criteria, benefits and

Accurate preoperative diagnostic evaluation is necessary for preoperative patient counseling, the selection of the most appropriate IOL type and surgical planning. Preoperative diagnostics are also essential for determining the anatomical success

A preoperative examination for patients intending to undergo a pseudophakic presbyopic correction should include: (i) taking of the medical history, (ii) basic ophthalmological examination, and (iii) additional diagnostic procedures:

As in the routine preoperative examination for a typical cataract surgery with implantation of a monofocal IOL, the routine preoperative examination for a pseudophakic presbyopic correction should include taking a detailed history for current or past medical conditions [eg. hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, pulmonary diseases, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bleeding disorders, history

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Glaucoma, former incisional surgery (eg. refractive, retinal, glaucoma, muscle surgery), eye trauma, amblyopia, herpes simplex keratitis, allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis, recurrent corneal erosions and prior or current topical medications should be taken into account.
