**5. Results and discussion**

In this section, the results of selecting a HUB in both software and by using a Prototype for decreasing the damage of tissue when placed on the surface of the body are delineated. By using the LabVIEW-based Fuzzy rules, a dynamic HUB is selected by following the standard metric values of parameters. Here, six sensor nodes are considered and shown, which sensor node is changing as a HUB. As LabVIEW is a step-by-step procedure, we can identify the process and rectify if any mistakes happen. Whereas in the prototype developed, we considered three different sensor nodes in a testbed to run the code and examine the HUB selection process dynamically.

#### **5.1 In LabVIEW using fuzzy**

In this stage, the drawbacks of using a fixed HUB are rectified by using a dynamic HUB. We considered six sensor nodes for instance and process a dynamic HUB selection using the Fuzzy system in LabVIEW. The Fuzzy-based system consists of if-then rules in the fuzzy decision system.

The parameter values are considered from manual input through the front panel, as it is utilized to display the input and output of any program. The input given starts working in the block diagram through the Fuzzy library function as shown in **Figure 1**. The input of the Fuzzy system, consists of three sub-parts namely,

#### *Dynamic HUB Selection Process in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98613*

entering the data, membership function, Fuzzy rules, and candidacy output. The candidacy value is sent back to the block diagram through a fuzzy out system with candidacy results and continues the process in a block diagram. As the simulation begins, the sensor node parameter value is considered and sends the information packet from all neighbors to default HUB. The aforementioned parameters are selected based on the universal standard values maintained by their respective standards. The proposed technique using Fuzzy gives an output candidacy value by comparing all sensor nodes' parametric values in the fuzzy decision system. The sensor node with the highest candidacy value I selected as a HUB. The front panel in the software implies the input to a fuzzy engine through a block diagram. Later on, by calculating the graph and candidacy value, a HUB is selected and presented in the front panel in string format.

Here the input is taken through the front panel and the process is done through fuzzy logic presented in block diagram when running the code present in it. If a sensor node has values of SAR less than 1.6 w/kg, battery level in or around the range 0–4 Joules, the SINR greater than 20db, the priority of the sensor nodes is considered and selected as a HUB. The sensor nodes are encountered with different cases such as when all the values are similar or whenever two sensor nodes exhibit the same values, then it is based on the priority of the sensor nodes, which selects the dynamic HUB. The priority of the sensor nodes plays the main role when all other parameters are in balance. In this project, the sensors like ECG, EEG, Temperature are used and temperature being the least sensor as it does not require monitoring continuously, while heartbeat and ECG are given the highest priority whose analysis is required for long hours. This helps in increasing the network lifetime by utilizing the least priority sensors.

The Figure above shown is an example of a front panel result that is selected as a dynamic HUB when placed on the surface of the human body. If any of these values change with time accordingly then the HUB is selected based on the change in parametric values. This makes the fuzzy system easy for multi-systems and increases the overall network lifetime by four times to a fixed hub.

Initially, a random node is selected as the default hub to send the information from source to sink and it is as shown in **Figure 10**. There are certain cases to examine our work. Here, When two sensor nodes of the same values are considered then the fuzzy rules are codded as it predicts the least priority sensor as Dynamic HUB as

**Figure 10.** *Default dynamic HUB selected.*


**Figure 11.** *Similar nodes HUB selection.*

said having the least priority leads to un usage of a node for a long time which can enrich the network for the long run. This is laid out in **Figure 11**.

#### **5.2 In prototype using sensors**

The hardware kit developed here is made up of three pivotal sensors essential for the human body as of vitals. These are heart rate sensors, Blood pressure, and temperature. The heart rate sensor is a digital output that works using a microcontroller. When a finger is placed, it works on the light modulation on the illusion of blood flow, a red light which transfers from transmitter to receiver, counting the pulses through light flow. Generally used for the measuring of heart rate. Blood Pressure is measured using a mercury column. A Cuff with an oscillatory device in it is wrapped above the upper arm, where it produces vibrations in blood flow in the artery between systole and diastole pressures. The Aurdino Uno on the Arduino Desktop IDE (Arduino software) is used for code. An Arduino board is completely open-source and user-independent which uses a sketchbook, a place to store the programs. The Arduino program is developed by using a delay for our project to identify the sensor node to change as HUB. This can be negotiated for practical usage. The node change is identified by naming the sensors like A, B, and C.

The node change for values change in a mobile app is exposed as in above **Figure 12**. The last sensor used is LM 35, for measuring the temperature of a body. This also uses a microprocessor that converts the input and processed value to digital form for manual purposes. A finger grip for heart rate and a hand cliff BP equipment along with LM 35, temperature sensor are used for deployment of network and are together shown as in **Figure 11**.

The power supply is used for the input source to run the equipment. We can also find, collect or store the vital information collecting in the mobile app for further utility. The change in values for physical movement or activity or exercise results in the change of HUB, which is shown in the mobile app as below in **Figure 13**.

Here, in our chapter Arduino board is used for deploying the program in Micro Processor. A Bluetooth terminal is considered as NODES A, B, and C and performs the program as shown below. In this project, we are supposed to work offline. If we want to use Arduino UNO offline then an Arduino Desktop IDE needs to be installed. The UNO is programmed using the Arduino Software(IDE), our

*Dynamic HUB Selection Process in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98613*


**Figure 12.** *Dynamic HUB identification.*

**Figure 13.** *Information in the node through the mobile app.*

integrated Development common to all our boards. Connection is done from UNO board to system is through A B USB cable, sometimes known as a USB printer cable. Furthermore, the sensor nodes are connected with the desired pins in the microcontroller, which runs through the program shown below. The sensors give input to Arduino through a microcontroller, where the code is executed and gives the output in selecting a HUB based on the change in values of collected information. A delay function is used in our program for the identification of HUB change which is not required in real-time health monitoring.
