**4. Industry 4.0**

Kagermann in 2011 first published the main ideas of Industry 4.0 [299] and built the foundation for the Industry 4.0 manifesto published in 2013 by the German National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech) [300, 301]. The concept of Industry 4.0 is based on the integration of information and communication technologies and industrial technology and is mainly dependent on building a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) to realize a digital and intelligent factory, in order to promote manufacturing to become more digital, information-led, customized, and

#### *The Roles of Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Motors in Industry 4.0 Era: Opportunities & Challenges DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100560*

green. The purpose of Industry 4.0 is to build a highly flexible production model of personalized and digital products and services, with real-time interactions between people, products and devices during the production process [302]. Industry 4.0 is a complex and flexible system involving digital manufacturing technology, network communication technology, computer technology, automation technology and many other areas [302]. There are many technologies used to implement Industry 4.0 like Internet of things, cybersecurity, augmented reality, big data & AI Analytics, Autonomous robot, additive manufacturing, Simulation & Digital twin, System integration & cloud computing [303]. Among all this we will be considering a few of them for improving the performance of the USM & we will also predict, how USM can best fit into industry 4.0 scenario.

Digital twin plays a role of a bridge between cyber world & physical world [304]. A digital twin of USM can be made to monitor its development from design phase to end user. It can be further extended up to recycling & remanufacturing & complete cyber physical system can be implemented [305]. Number of components used, CAD drawing of mechanical & electrical component, materials & their properties can be embedded in the 3D model, this will be the first step in formation of the digital twin of USM [305]. Results of simulation of the motor in various environment to validate its performance & product design can also be embedded in the digital twin to enhance it further. Additionally, the environmental performance and impact can be simulated at this phase via life cycle assessment (LCA) module too, e.g., design for recycling, design for disassembly and design for remanufacturing. The simulation results and disassembly are maintained in the product archive for future remanufacturing operations [305]. When the USM will be sold to an end user, he or she can update the product status via various Industry 4.0 enablers, e.g., mobile apps, smart tags, QR code, websites, and so forth. At this phase, the changes of product, e.g., location, ownership, upgrading, repairing and maintenance, can be updated and maintained inside the mirrored digital twin [305]. When the USM stops service, the users can update the digital status via mobile app or web service. He or she can contact a professional collector who has the expertise in this specific device. Failed USM can be evaluated, and testing can be applied to the individual component. Based on the examination results, the digital twin can be updated, and the proper operation can be planned accordingly, e.g., recovery at the component level, material level [305]. Developing a holistic digital twin of USM which captures data from the real world will be highly useful for tackling many challenges encountered during the design, modeling & optimization phase of the motor. Thus, action can be taken accordingly during the design phase in order to enhance the performance of the motor. So that, fully developed digital twin model of USM can be further utilized to simulate it for various types of application i.e., space exploration, medical devices, manufacturing industries etc [1].

Large amount of the data is generated during simulation & validation or collected from the digital twin of the USM or from the end user. This data can be used for analyzing & enhancing the performance of the USM. Further this data can be used to create algorithm which can be used for precise motion & drive control of the motors thus improving its overall performance. Depending on the application, a variety of algorithms can be used such as artificial neural networks (ANN) [306, 307]. ML offers great potential for intelligent data analyses and is a key technology for autonomous robots, image and signal analysis as well as complex controls for sensor-actuator systems [306, 308]. ML techniques can e.g., contribute to condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, or process control of the motor [306–308]. Consequently, data generated during operation of USM can be effectively utilized as important information for various sensors installed in Industry 4.0 setup [300].

Additive manufacturing can play a vital role in designing the complex shapes & size of the USM for different application. In AM components are manufactured by layer-by-layer deposition of the material [306, 309]. The possibility of materializing a complex digital model directly into a physical component without the need for shaping, maintaining and warehousing tools as well as manual intervention ideally reflects the idea of digital production [306]. AM allows the production of geometrically complex, function-optimized and customer-specific products at any location equipped with a suitable AM machine and thus contributes to the flexibilization and globalization of production processes [306]. Further, AM offers potential business for making spare parts [306, 310]. By using AM, designer can create physical prototype of the components used in USM using different combination of materials to analyze its fit, form & function for desired application.

Using IoT (internet of things) and CPSs (cyber physical system) it is possible to monitor the motors in real time. Interconnection of motors & the data obtained while its running during real time makes it possible to react quickly, effectively to every instance. Sensors embedded in the motors can give real time feedback of the parameters for instance, temperature rise which can be further analyzed for improving the design & performance of the motor. These sensors can also provide data for the whole life cycle of the motor which can be thus utilized by the researchers & manufacturers to incorporate into the motors which will ultimately result into overall improvement of the motor thus saving time & energy [300].

Augmented reality is the key technology of Industry 4.0 [311]. It enables human to access digital information and overlay that information with the physical world [312]. Ultrasonic motors are used in various engineering application areas i.e., from medical field to aerospace. They are manufactured in various size & shapes [1]. Use of augmented reality (AR) will make the USM designer aware of the fit, form & function of the motor suitable for different types of application w.r.t volume & space availability in real world environment. Thus, by using AR technology they can effectively design the USM based upon the requirement.
