**3. Performance requirement for end-to-end services**

Nowadays, end-to-end performance is based on customer experience. As the data is sent over a heterogeneous network combination of wireless and wired (as shown in **Figure 4**), passing through several autonomous systems. These are operated by the same or different operators, which are using various networking technologies. These connections are inter-technical, inter-national, and

**87**

**Figure 5.**

*Factors influencing QoE.*

*Convergence of Wireless and Optical Network in Future Communication Network*

inter-continental. Thus end-to-end performance is measured by the quality of experience (QoE) along with other metrics like quality of service (QoS), quality of

QoS/QoE parameters are different for different applications. Varies in latency, connectivity, data rate, etc. QoE evaluation by the user depends on several independent factors, such as service type, user profile (details of user personal information), type of equipment, type of content or service pricing policy (free, paid), screen size, etc. QoE is influenced not only by QoS but also by the grade of service (GoS) and QoR, as shown in **Figure 5**. The most popular measure of QoE is based

User experience varied QoE while using the service from a different operator. At the technology level, operators are launching new services, which can work with virtualized, software-based, cloud-native, and more agile networks. In general, customer's QoS/QoE needs to be monitored across physical. In virtualized networks, this becomes even more critical where services will be activated in real-time and need to be tested, fulfilled, and assured in an automated

The specification of 5G communication is different for different applications,

like M2M, high broadband, and uRLLC. All these applications have different requirements (see **Figure 2**). Apart from these, in 6G communication, several new applications have been proposed, such as holographic telepresence, AR/VR, etc. The transmission requirements of these applications are quite futuristic in terms of data rate, latency, and BER. Thus, maintaining QoE in FCN will be very complex and challenging, as there are different types of CoS asking for separate GoS working

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97293*

on the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) [20].

in various environments, policies, and networks.

fashion.

resilience (QoR), quality of transmission (QoT), etc.

### *Convergence of Wireless and Optical Network in Future Communication Network DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97293*

inter-continental. Thus end-to-end performance is measured by the quality of experience (QoE) along with other metrics like quality of service (QoS), quality of resilience (QoR), quality of transmission (QoT), etc.

QoS/QoE parameters are different for different applications. Varies in latency, connectivity, data rate, etc. QoE evaluation by the user depends on several independent factors, such as service type, user profile (details of user personal information), type of equipment, type of content or service pricing policy (free, paid), screen size, etc. QoE is influenced not only by QoS but also by the grade of service (GoS) and QoR, as shown in **Figure 5**. The most popular measure of QoE is based on the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) [20].

User experience varied QoE while using the service from a different operator. At the technology level, operators are launching new services, which can work with virtualized, software-based, cloud-native, and more agile networks. In general, customer's QoS/QoE needs to be monitored across physical. In virtualized networks, this becomes even more critical where services will be activated in real-time and need to be tested, fulfilled, and assured in an automated fashion.

The specification of 5G communication is different for different applications, like M2M, high broadband, and uRLLC. All these applications have different requirements (see **Figure 2**). Apart from these, in 6G communication, several new applications have been proposed, such as holographic telepresence, AR/VR, etc. The transmission requirements of these applications are quite futuristic in terms of data rate, latency, and BER. Thus, maintaining QoE in FCN will be very complex and challenging, as there are different types of CoS asking for separate GoS working in various environments, policies, and networks.

**Figure 5.** *Factors influencing QoE.*

*Wireless Power Transfer – Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives*

application-specific protocol stacks out of small reusable services [1].

sub-carriers [18].

granularities efficiently.

QoT in the optical network efficiently [19].

**3. Performance requirement for end-to-end services**

*A typical service architecture of a wireless access network with an optical backbone.*

SDO has been in an optical network. This can be done through the construction of

**Elastic optical network (EON)**: EON accommodates dynamic changes of the optical component, such as flexible wavelength assignment, redefined optical switches and various transponders, etc. to improve system performances. It is possible to integrate EON with an IP layer easily to construct an IP-over-EON. The basic unit of switching in EON is a sub-carrier instead of the wavelength in the fixed-grid case since channels are usually composed of a variable number of

**Software-defined optical transmission (SDOT)**: SDOT supports dynamic reconfigurability of optical components and the ability to adapt various transponders. Softwarization and intelligent control of the data plane facilitates SDOT to optimal use of the available resources, which exploits the multiple dimensions and

**Cognitive optical network (CON)**: To make more agile optical networking, a cognitive optical network has been proposed. The CON architecture enables high data rate lightpaths while compensating for a variety of dispersion impairments. CON improves the measuring parameters [e.g., optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), and bit error rate (BER)] while compensates the impairment and subsequently enhance the

Nowadays, end-to-end performance is based on customer experience. As the data is sent over a heterogeneous network combination of wireless and wired (as shown in **Figure 4**), passing through several autonomous systems. These are operated by the same or different operators, which are using various networking technologies. These connections are inter-technical, inter-national, and

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**Figure 4.**
