**4. Behavior of evolved wireless technologies with corresponding evolved optical techniques to satisfy user QoE**

In the present day, users require appropriate supports from the network infrastructure as per the service usages. In general, users are connected to the network through wireless access and the wireless access point is connected to the optical fronthaul node. Depending on the application, the user required variable BW, the latency of wireless access to satisfy its QoE. Optical network technologies will play an important role in addressing these requirements within the radio access network (RAN). Through the deployed network technologies, such as backhaul networks, metro networks, and PONs, etc., optical networks continuously support their QoS. The optical network used an eCPRI fronthaul interface to support the 5G specification. For example, eCPRI of 100 Gb/s supports a 5G system of 200 MHz BW (below 6 GHz frequency) with 64 (8X8) antenna arrays. It can also support mmWave communication of 400 MHz radio bandwidth in 60 GHz frequency range with 256 (16x16) radiating elements by 400–800 Gb/s capacity [21, 22].

**Support IoT Applications**: I0T is one of the widely used technology in recent times, which is used in a wide variety of applications. The use of IoT appears to be most challenging due to the wide range of different devices, various options of network connectivity, different protocols, methods, etc. It provides support to users with smart services while raising security and privacy threats [23]. The threat becomes challenging while users and networks are heterogeneous. To support this heterogeneity in IoT, SDO provides an appropriate solution. A solution like cognitive radio and CON can work together to facilitate the dynamic behavior and requirements of diverse IoT applications. Apart from this, SDN, wireless-SDN and SDON are also participating to support IoT services, while using edge router to integrate into the network.

**Reduce outage of edge users**: To reduce the outage of edge users, successful operation of CoMP is necessary, which depends on very fast and highly reliable feedback between the user and eNBs on the channel condition. At the same time, all the eNBs need to be synchronized and data should be present at all eNBs in realtime. Connecting optical fiber link between eNBs should ensure this low latency level as per 5G standard through the fast feedback channel. This is more complex, challenging when the number of participating eNBs is more, and the traffic load of the network increases. These will impact on processing (impact on delay in data transmission), synchronization (impact on a real-time mismatch), which depends on deploying sites topology, backhaul latency, and capacity [23].

**Flexible Integration of data traffic**: In 5G and 6G wireless communication, the data traffic has a diverse specification and has a wide variety of requirements. To support these dynamic and diverse requirements, flexibility and adaptability should be supported by an optical network. Optical networks supported these flexible and elastic nature by using SDN/NFV. Integration of optical components, such as various variants of ROADMs, OXC in multi-layer SDN makes network towards SDON. The use of different switching paradigms and a combined implementation of the switching elements in electronics and optics (hybrid optical switching) in SODN, can lead to even higher flexibility and better transmission efficiency [24].

**Integration to heterogeneity**: To support the requirement of 5G, the standards like NG-EPON (by IEEE) and G.hsp.x (by ITU-T) are proposed. Coexistence of 10G PON channels for residential, 100G dedicated channel for business along with wireless fronthaul, supports heterogeneity of 5G & beyond 5G communication. These are supported by long reach TDM-DWDM PON system, with up to 100 km reach, 512 users, and an emulated system load of 40 channels, employing amplifier

**89**

*Convergence of Wireless and Optical Network in Future Communication Network*

nodes with either erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), or Raman amplifier or semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). This end-to-end support by SODN with help of PON physical layer along with dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in

**Service on the fly**: Providing service through the cloud is immensely popular among users. The 5G communications also advocate and support the application through the cloud and aim to provide them effectively and efficiently. The Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) approach for 5G wireless splits the radio processing chain to simplify the processing. To optimized support for different technologies, levels of centralization, and deployment options in 5G, EONs offer large degrees of flexibility, adaptability, and programmability in different dimensions. EON provides granular spectrum width consisting of variable numbers of sub-carriers as the demand and deployment technology to support 5G disruptive capabilities, technologies, and use cases. It allows both digital and analog signals to be transported and switched over the same optical fiber, thus facilitating technologies such as mm-wave. Besides, the EON can tune signal properties (e.g., modulation format, bit rate, optical reach, and so on) to cope with the constraints of deployed technologies and different requirements of use cases [26, 27]. Hence, it can provide a much larger bandwidth

**Enabling Artificial intelligence (AI)**: In the present times, AI has taken center stage in all kinds of research and development. To provide better support, monitor, and control, every kind of service uses AI technology. AI will learn with the help of a machine learning algorithm for better service. AI and machine learning is the main technology of 5G and 6G communication. Wireless and optical networks use these technologies extensively. Specifications like high speed, low latency, and reliable communications are essential for supporting ML/AI at the edge. This can bring

**Energy Consumption**: As the requirements are increasing to satisfy enhance throughput, latency & other QoS for different classes of traffic, applications, services, and QoE, energy consumption is increasing in the network. The usage of massive MIMO, dense network, heterogeneous network with small cells along with billions of devices increases the power consumption in the network, which increases the greenhouse effect. 5G power consumption at peak hours is 1200 W to 1400 W, which is 300–350% greater than of 4G [30]. However, to work in an energy-efficient way, network wire-line, wireless and core networks) are using the resources in an optimized way, which motivates the network to use different tradeoffs in protocol layers [31], which varies from infrastructure (dense network) to device (visual resolution). A green framework has been proposed for energy-efficient communication in a wireless network with the energy-cognitive cycle, where the awareness is

categorized as network awareness and access point awareness module [32].

Every component of the optical network participated in the data transports and consumes energy. The CAPEX amount is more at the beginning, however, usage of massive MIMO along with small cells in dense networks can impact more on OPEX. Usage of NFV decreases the OPEX costs by reducing the conventional purposed hardware, installation, and up-grading for new services and Virtual network functions (VNF) are virtualized tasks implemented by the NFV platform, providing security, load balancing, and other EPC functions [33]. A WDM transmitter/ receiver (TX/RX) pair at the interface between each link provides regenerated signals at each wavelength for injection in the next link of the system. Energy consumption exists at many levels in optical transmission systems, from inefficiencies at the device level in optical amplifier pump lasers and their cooling systems, at the circuit level in the tradeoff of efficiency for speed in high-speed electronic circuits

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97293*

response to increased traffic demand [25].

and more variety of bit rates on an optical fiber.

mobile edge computing to AI-at-the-edge [28, 29].

### *Convergence of Wireless and Optical Network in Future Communication Network DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97293*

nodes with either erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), or Raman amplifier or semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). This end-to-end support by SODN with help of PON physical layer along with dynamic wavelength allocation (DWA) in response to increased traffic demand [25].

**Service on the fly**: Providing service through the cloud is immensely popular among users. The 5G communications also advocate and support the application through the cloud and aim to provide them effectively and efficiently. The Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) approach for 5G wireless splits the radio processing chain to simplify the processing. To optimized support for different technologies, levels of centralization, and deployment options in 5G, EONs offer large degrees of flexibility, adaptability, and programmability in different dimensions. EON provides granular spectrum width consisting of variable numbers of sub-carriers as the demand and deployment technology to support 5G disruptive capabilities, technologies, and use cases. It allows both digital and analog signals to be transported and switched over the same optical fiber, thus facilitating technologies such as mm-wave. Besides, the EON can tune signal properties (e.g., modulation format, bit rate, optical reach, and so on) to cope with the constraints of deployed technologies and different requirements of use cases [26, 27]. Hence, it can provide a much larger bandwidth and more variety of bit rates on an optical fiber.

**Enabling Artificial intelligence (AI)**: In the present times, AI has taken center stage in all kinds of research and development. To provide better support, monitor, and control, every kind of service uses AI technology. AI will learn with the help of a machine learning algorithm for better service. AI and machine learning is the main technology of 5G and 6G communication. Wireless and optical networks use these technologies extensively. Specifications like high speed, low latency, and reliable communications are essential for supporting ML/AI at the edge. This can bring mobile edge computing to AI-at-the-edge [28, 29].

**Energy Consumption**: As the requirements are increasing to satisfy enhance throughput, latency & other QoS for different classes of traffic, applications, services, and QoE, energy consumption is increasing in the network. The usage of massive MIMO, dense network, heterogeneous network with small cells along with billions of devices increases the power consumption in the network, which increases the greenhouse effect. 5G power consumption at peak hours is 1200 W to 1400 W, which is 300–350% greater than of 4G [30]. However, to work in an energy-efficient way, network wire-line, wireless and core networks) are using the resources in an optimized way, which motivates the network to use different tradeoffs in protocol layers [31], which varies from infrastructure (dense network) to device (visual resolution). A green framework has been proposed for energy-efficient communication in a wireless network with the energy-cognitive cycle, where the awareness is categorized as network awareness and access point awareness module [32].

Every component of the optical network participated in the data transports and consumes energy. The CAPEX amount is more at the beginning, however, usage of massive MIMO along with small cells in dense networks can impact more on OPEX. Usage of NFV decreases the OPEX costs by reducing the conventional purposed hardware, installation, and up-grading for new services and Virtual network functions (VNF) are virtualized tasks implemented by the NFV platform, providing security, load balancing, and other EPC functions [33]. A WDM transmitter/ receiver (TX/RX) pair at the interface between each link provides regenerated signals at each wavelength for injection in the next link of the system. Energy consumption exists at many levels in optical transmission systems, from inefficiencies at the device level in optical amplifier pump lasers and their cooling systems, at the circuit level in the tradeoff of efficiency for speed in high-speed electronic circuits

*Wireless Power Transfer – Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives*

(16x16) radiating elements by 400–800 Gb/s capacity [21, 22].

on deploying sites topology, backhaul latency, and capacity [23].

can lead to even higher flexibility and better transmission efficiency [24].

integrate into the network.

**optical techniques to satisfy user QoE**

**4. Behavior of evolved wireless technologies with corresponding evolved** 

In the present day, users require appropriate supports from the network infrastructure as per the service usages. In general, users are connected to the network through wireless access and the wireless access point is connected to the optical fronthaul node. Depending on the application, the user required variable BW, the latency of wireless access to satisfy its QoE. Optical network technologies will play an important role in addressing these requirements within the radio access network (RAN). Through the deployed network technologies, such as backhaul networks, metro networks, and PONs, etc., optical networks continuously support their QoS. The optical network used an eCPRI fronthaul interface to support the 5G specification. For example, eCPRI of 100 Gb/s supports a 5G system of 200 MHz BW (below 6 GHz frequency) with 64 (8X8) antenna arrays. It can also support mmWave communication of 400 MHz radio bandwidth in 60 GHz frequency range with 256

**Support IoT Applications**: I0T is one of the widely used technology in recent times, which is used in a wide variety of applications. The use of IoT appears to be most challenging due to the wide range of different devices, various options of network connectivity, different protocols, methods, etc. It provides support to users with smart services while raising security and privacy threats [23]. The threat becomes challenging while users and networks are heterogeneous. To support this heterogeneity in IoT, SDO provides an appropriate solution. A solution like cognitive radio and CON can work together to facilitate the dynamic behavior and requirements of diverse IoT applications. Apart from this, SDN, wireless-SDN and SDON are also participating to support IoT services, while using edge router to

**Reduce outage of edge users**: To reduce the outage of edge users, successful operation of CoMP is necessary, which depends on very fast and highly reliable feedback between the user and eNBs on the channel condition. At the same time, all the eNBs need to be synchronized and data should be present at all eNBs in realtime. Connecting optical fiber link between eNBs should ensure this low latency level as per 5G standard through the fast feedback channel. This is more complex, challenging when the number of participating eNBs is more, and the traffic load of the network increases. These will impact on processing (impact on delay in data transmission), synchronization (impact on a real-time mismatch), which depends

**Flexible Integration of data traffic**: In 5G and 6G wireless communication, the data traffic has a diverse specification and has a wide variety of requirements. To support these dynamic and diverse requirements, flexibility and adaptability should be supported by an optical network. Optical networks supported these flexible and elastic nature by using SDN/NFV. Integration of optical components, such as various variants of ROADMs, OXC in multi-layer SDN makes network towards SDON. The use of different switching paradigms and a combined implementation of the switching elements in electronics and optics (hybrid optical switching) in SODN,

**Integration to heterogeneity**: To support the requirement of 5G, the standards like NG-EPON (by IEEE) and G.hsp.x (by ITU-T) are proposed. Coexistence of 10G PON channels for residential, 100G dedicated channel for business along with wireless fronthaul, supports heterogeneity of 5G & beyond 5G communication. These are supported by long reach TDM-DWDM PON system, with up to 100 km reach, 512 users, and an emulated system load of 40 channels, employing amplifier

**88**

used in transmitters and receivers, and at the system level in terms of multiplexing and management overheads [34, 35].
