**7.2 Transportation and ticketing**

Currently, around one third world population uses smartphone, and this number will go up significantly in years to come. Transport and ticketing are the wellknown and promising applications of NFC system. Commuters around the world added adoption of mobility in all aspects of their transit such as journey planning, ticketing, information, and so on [70]. For purpose of transport, NFC forum has recognized three basic use cases, including connection, access, and transactions. The usage of NFC services in transport and ticketing depends on the consumers having NFC enabled mobile phones that are compatible with NFC standard ISO/IEC 14443 [71]. For example, a ticket for transit can easily download from NFC enabled kiosk using an NFC enabled smartphone and then smartphone can tap to a reader to gain the access to ticketing informations [72]. NFC tags can be easily embedded in posters, products, and maps etc., to provide transport related services to everyone. Smart posters containing these NFC tags provide a variety of information and/or links for transport service websites. Card emulation and card reader are the modes utilized in NFC enabled transit system [73]. **Figure 11** represents the evolution of consumer digital payments in public transport fare collection system using smartphone based NFC interface [74] . In past few years, NFC transport and ticketing applications have expanded in various aspects of the travel [54]. For examples, NFC forum and International Air Transport Association (IATA) jointly published the NFC reference guide for air travel [75]. Accenture's survey on public transport users reveals a big increase in use of smartphones for paperless travel and social media during the travel [76]. Virtual ticketing system and secure mCoupon protocol [77, 78], secure payment service by Smart Touch Project [79], an automated reservation and ticketing service for tourists, a system for car parking access, payment system for ticketing [80], offline Tapango system for electronic ticketing process including comparison with traditional paper ticketing process [81] are some of the prominent application of NFC that are used in travels and ticketing developed recently.
