*Wireless Power Transfer – Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives*


#### **Table 1.**

*NFC usage growth evolution from 2018 to 2019 [6].*

utilize near field magnetic communication. In 1960, an electronic articles surveillance system (EAS) was the first commercial application of RFID, which utilized one-bit tag and was used to detect the presence or absence of the tag. Between 1970 to 1980, more work on RFID systems was conducted utilizing microwave and inductive systems and, in late 1970s, the size reduction of RFID's was accomplished using low-power complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) logic circuits. After 1980, RFID applications became widespread such as tracking for animals, business, electronic toll collection, and automation, which was rapidly expanded with the development of personal computer (PC) technology. In 1990s, electronic toll collection systems were the first successful application of RFID technology worldwide [10]. Presently, RFID is utilized in various commercial areas such as automobile, agriculture, transport, medical system, payment cards, supply chain, tracking, identification application and short range interactions in the Internet of Things (IoT) [11, 12]. However, communications which require initialization at both ends (e.g., Peer-to-peer communications as discussed below) cannot be supported by RFID technology. NFC is a great solution to this shortcoming of RFID,

*Contactless transfer of data/signal between reader and tag at 13.56 MHz using NFC technology [16].*

*Near-Field Communications (NFC) for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT): An Overview*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96345*

NFC is a short-range half duplex communication technology which provide secure communication between devices in near field region. Near field communication, is a technology that allows two devices in close range to securely exchange data wirelessly. NFC is a short-range (< 10 cm) wireless connectivity technology that operates at high frequency (HF) range with low bandwidth of radio waves, mainly at 13.56 MHz [13]. NFC comprises of three basic components - an antenna, a reader, and a tag. A reader (transmitter) sends a signal at the standard NFC frequency of 13.56 MHz and the tag antenna receives and processes the interrogation signal, and responds with requested information back to the reader that is then interpreted and stored as the data within few centimeters at 13.56 MHz [14, 15]. **Figure 2** shows the transfer of data between reader and tag (card) at 13.56 MHz

From 2004 onwards, NFC has been utilized in various applications. Nokia, Apple/Google/Samsung pay transactions, wireless energy/data transmission and wireless key card entry are a few popular examples of this technology [17]. Though NFC tag is passive in nature, NFC can transfer data both ways. NFC technology supports varying data transmission rates, typical three rates are - 106, 212 and 424 Kbps [18]. There is another 848 Kbps rate also, but it is not in compliant with NFC

NFC works based on the principle of near field magnetic communication. This principle of inductive coupling is applied to all communications based on near field

magnetism between transmitting and receiving devices. **Figure 3** shows the

which support peer-to-peer communications also.

based on NFC technology [16].

**3. Basic principle of NFC**

standards.

**97**

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 1.** *Evolution of NFC transactions values between years 2014 and 2024 [7].*

In 2011, PayPass functionality was launched for RIM's (Research in Motion/Black-Berry Limited) master card. Some of the early applications launched are, Samsung TecTile Programmable NFC tags in 2012, Sony's Xperia smart tags, NFC enable Smart Objects in 2011, NFriendConnector [4], Wallet in 2011, the joint venture of Google At&T, Verizon and T-mobile in 2012 to use mobile wallets [5]. NFC enabled functionality has been added to all new Apple products starting from iPhone XS (Apple Pay). **Table 1** shows NFC usage growth evolution in 2018–2019 [6]. From 2010 onward, new interesting applications of NFC was launched every year in communication sector by technology giants such as Google, Apple, Samsung, NXP, etc. The industry players are constantly introducing new advances and improved technologies in NFC enabled devices which have taken global market to 4.80 billion USD in 2015 and expected to reach 47.42 USD billion by 2024. **Figure 1** shows projected NFC transactions value from 2014 to 2024 [7].
