**4. Transmitter design: a parallel plate photovoltaic amplifier device integrated in a building**

A parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer is analyzed as a star connected 3-Phase Resistance-Capacitance (RC) circuit amplifier. The effect of inductance and resulting power transfer has been determined in the RC circuit amplifier constituting of a parallel plate photovoltaic device. The analysis has also discussed from the electrodynamics point of view, power transfer and effect of induction losses in a 3-Phase RC circuit amplifier constituting of a parallel plate photovoltaic device. The theory of the sinusoidal steady-state response was

**17**

**Figure 2.**

*of sensors; (b) electrical circuit diagram.*

*Developments in Wireless Power Transfer Using Solar Energy*

applied in performing the analysis of the circuit, because of the advantage of representing a periodic function in terms of a sinusoidal exponential function. The full-scale experimental setup for a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer was installed in an outdoor room facility located at Concordia University, Montréal, Canada [17–34]. The analysis has been performed on the basis of the accepted unified theory for stresses and oscillations, as proposed by the author [27]. The experimental setup is illustrated in **Figure 2** [17]. A pair of glass coated photovoltaic (PV) modules forming a parallel plate duct with a plywood board and connected to a potentiometer was used to build an amplifier. A wire-wound variable resistor with resistance up to 50 Ω was a wire-wound circular coil with a sliding knob contact acted as a potentiometer for the circuit [17]. This potentiometer was used to vary electrical resistance across connected PV modules without interrupting the current. A star connected RC circuit amplifier with a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer was

**A Photovoltaic (PV) Device connected to a potentiometer:** A parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer was used for establishing characteristics of this PV device by varying electrical resistance with rotation of knob of

*Schematic of experimental setup for a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer: (a) location* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97099*

built (**Figure 3**).

*Developments in Wireless Power Transfer Using Solar Energy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97099*

*Wireless Power Transfer – Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives*

switching [11].

for charging any electronic gadget [14].

driving circuit and two coils mutually inducted to transfer energy in a suitable resonant frequency. With the advantage of nearly 99% efficiency theoretically, class-D RF power amplifier was used as the driving circuit for transmitted coil

Fareq et al., studied the wireless power transfer by using solar energy [12]. They developed the project based on electrical power without any wires, with a small-scale by using solar energy. The power is transferred wirelessly through an inductive coupling as an antenna. The experiments were conducted and the wireless power transfer can be transfer energy up to 10 cm. with efficiency 0–10 cm; 98.87% -40% [12]. Ojha et al., investigated solar energy based wireless power transfer [13]. They reviewed on wireless power transfer (WPT) using renewable source i.e. solar energy. The principle behind WPT used was inductive coupling wherein an electric field is generated thus transmitting power from transmitter to receiver. The paper has highlighted the important use of components like a solar panel, rechargeable battery, booster circuitry, and load. Wireless transmission of power to work up a load was highlighted in the paper [13]. Lakshmi M. K., et al. investigated wireless power transmission through solar power generation [14]. The phenomenon of transfer power using a renewable source, without using wired medium. This paper mainly focused on combining both wireless and solar technologies together with use of the principle through coupled resonant objects for the transferring electricity. The overall goal of this paper is to design and implement a clean power generation and wireless power transmission system which can be used as a standard means

Maqsood et al., investigated wireless power transmission using solar based power satellite technology [15]. The wireless electricity (Power) transmission (WET) was focal point of their research and they presented the concept of transmitting power wirelessly to reduce transmission and distribution losses. The wired distribution losses are 70–75% efficient. The paper also highlighted the benefits of using WET technology specially by using Solar based Power satellites (SBPS) and also focused on how we make electric system cost effective, optimized and well organized [15]. Keerthana et al., investigated Wireless Power Transfer Using Rectenna [16]. The Radio frequency (RF) harvesting technologies were highlighted in the paper. The RF harvesting technologies receive and convert the useful DC energy and can further be used to charge electrical devices which need low power consumption. The paper investigated a microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.45 GHz. It was fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 with a thickness of about 1.2 mm. The L-shaped

matching network was designed for maximum power transfer between the antenna and the rectifier. The HSMS-2850 zero bias Schottky diode was used as a rectifier. The RF-DC rectification was done with an efficiency of 42.8% at -7 dBm

**4. Transmitter design: a parallel plate photovoltaic amplifier device** 

A parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer is analyzed as a star connected 3-Phase Resistance-Capacitance (RC) circuit amplifier. The effect of inductance and resulting power transfer has been determined in the RC circuit amplifier constituting of a parallel plate photovoltaic device. The analysis has also discussed from the electrodynamics point of view, power transfer and effect of induction losses in a 3-Phase RC circuit amplifier constituting of a parallel plate photovoltaic device. The theory of the sinusoidal steady-state response was

**16**

at 2.45 GHz [16].

**integrated in a building**

applied in performing the analysis of the circuit, because of the advantage of representing a periodic function in terms of a sinusoidal exponential function. The full-scale experimental setup for a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer was installed in an outdoor room facility located at Concordia University, Montréal, Canada [17–34]. The analysis has been performed on the basis of the accepted unified theory for stresses and oscillations, as proposed by the author [27]. The experimental setup is illustrated in **Figure 2** [17]. A pair of glass coated photovoltaic (PV) modules forming a parallel plate duct with a plywood board and connected to a potentiometer was used to build an amplifier. A wire-wound variable resistor with resistance up to 50 Ω was a wire-wound circular coil with a sliding knob contact acted as a potentiometer for the circuit [17]. This potentiometer was used to vary electrical resistance across connected PV modules without interrupting the current. A star connected RC circuit amplifier with a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer was built (**Figure 3**).

**A Photovoltaic (PV) Device connected to a potentiometer:** A parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer was used for establishing characteristics of this PV device by varying electrical resistance with rotation of knob of

**Figure 2.**

*Schematic of experimental setup for a parallel plate photovoltaic device connected to a potentiometer: (a) location of sensors; (b) electrical circuit diagram.*

#### *Wireless Power Transfer – Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives*

#### **Figure 3.** *A star connected 3-phase generation using a parallel plate photovoltaic device.*


#### **Table 1.**

*Sample electrical measurement results with varying resistance of potentiometer.*

a potentiometer [17]. For determining electric power output with a series electrical circuit connection of a pair of vertically inclined PV modules installed on a wooden frame, the current–voltage measurements were obtained. The electrical measurement results of currents, voltages and power with varying electrical resistance of potentiometer are presented in **Table 1**. The results of the power output from a potentiometer with rotation of circular knob are illustrated in **Figure 4**. The phenomenon of photovoltaic amplification has been observed from the graph of **Figure 4**. The gain in steady state electrical for a photovoltaic device is a factor of its volume or resistance. This operational characteristic is similar to the operation of a loudspeaker.
