**Refrences**

*Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials*

**Appendices and nomenclature**

PNRs Polar nanoregions REFs Relaxor ferroelectrics MCW law Modified Curie–Weiss law BTO BaTiO3 (Barium Titanate)

MPB Morphotropic phase boundary

BNT Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (Bismuth Sodium Titanate) KNN K0.5Na0.5TiO3 (Potassium Sodium Niobate) BKT Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (Bismuth Potassium Titanate) PZT PbZr0.48Ti0.52O3 (Lead Zirconate Titanate)

**66**

**Author details**

Lagen Kumar Pradhan and Manoranjan Kar\*

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: mano@iitp.ac.in

Department of Physics, Indian Institution of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India

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[66] Aman U, Kim W, Lee D S, Jeong S J, Ahn C W, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2014; 97

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Silvester P, Wong S K, IEEE Trans. on Sonics and Ultrasonics, 1970;17: 188.

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33934-33940

10: 30746.

91: 192904.

2020; 118: 10

604-612.

994-1001.

[8]: 2471-2478

cations 2015; 6:6615.

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[58] Zhang L, Zhao C, Zheng T, Wu J, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020; 12: 33934-33940

*Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials*

2013; 113: 094102.

305-320.

2019; 9: 2412.

83: 184301

503:7-10.

68: 052102,

2008; 93: 112906.

Lett. 1982: 44: 55.

Elouadi B, Journal of Applied Physics

[44] Duran, P, Lozano J F F, Capel F, Moure C, J. Mater. Sci. 1989; 24:

[45] Kour P, Pradhan S K, Kumar P, Sinha S K, Kar M, Appl. Phys. A 2016;

[46] Augustinea P, Muralidhar M, Samantad S, Naik S P K, Sethupathid K, Murakamic M, Rao M S R, Ceramics International 2020; 46: 5658-5664.

[47] Wei H, *et al.* J. Mater. Chem. C 2018;

[48] Shrout T R, Zhang S J, J. Electroceram

[49] Wang T, Jin L, Li C, Hu Q, Wei X, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2015; 98 [2]: 559-566.

[50] Seshadri R, Hill N A, Chem. Mater

[52] Veerapandiyan V, Benes F, Gindel T, Deluca M, A Review, Materials 2020;

[54] Chauhan A, Patel S, Vaish R, Bowen

[55] Valant M, Progress in Material Science 2012; 57: 980-1009.

[56] Kutnjak Z, Rozic B, Pirc R, Electrocaloric Effect: Theory, Measurements, and Applications .Wiley online library; 2015. 10.1002/047134608X.W8244

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122:15171-15179.

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447-452.

122: 591.

6: 12446.

13: 5742.

2020; 8: 8962.

C R, 2015; 8: 8009-8031.

2007; 19: 113-126.

2001; 13: 2892-2899.

[30] Cross L E, ferroelectric 1994; 151:

[31] Raddaoui Z, Kossi S E, Dhahri J, Abdelmoulab N, Taibi K, RSC Adv*.*

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[33] Uchino K, Nomura S, Ferroelectr.

[34] Yu Z, Chen X, Physica B 2016;

[35] Bokov A A, Ye Z G, Solid State

[36] Bokov A A, Bing, Y H, Chen W, Ye Z G, Bogatina S A, Raevski I P, Raevskaya S I, Sahkar E V, Phys. Rev. B 2003;

[37] Shanming K, Huiqing F, Haitao H, H. Chan L W, Applied Physics Letters

[38] Damjanovic D. Lead-Based Piezoelectric Materials: Piezoelectric

Transducer Applications. Springer (Berlin); 2008. 59-79p. DOI: org/10.1007/978-0-387-76540-2\_4

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and Acoustic Materials for

Commun. 2000; 116: 105.

**68**

1935-1954.

[59] Hanani Z, *et al.*, RSC Adv. 2020; 10: 30746.

[60] Yang C, Han Y, Feng C, Lin X, Huang S, Cheng, X, Cheng Z, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020;12: 6082-6089.

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[63] Dong G, Fan H, Liu, L, Ren P, Cheng Z, Zhang S, Current Science 2020; 118: 10

[64] Zhang Y, Liu H, Sun S, Deng S, Chen J, J Am Ceram Soc. 2021;104: 604-612.

[65] Rena, P, Liua Z, Liuc H, Sunc S, Wana Y, Longd C, Shie J, Chenc J, Zhao G, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2019;39: 994-1001.

[66] Aman U, Kim W, Lee D S, Jeong S J, Ahn C W, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2014; 97 [8]: 2471-2478

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[69] Maiti T, Guo R, Bhalla A S, Applied Physics Letters 2007; 90: 182901.

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**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

Applications

*and B. Parvatheeswara Rao*

building systems are anticipated.

**1. Introduction**

**71**

Piezoelectricity and Its

*B. Chandra Sekhar, B. Dhanalakshmi, B. Srinivasa Rao,*

The piezoelectric effect is extensively encountered in nature and many synthetic materials. Piezoelectric materials are capable of transforming mechanical strain and vibration energy into electrical energy. This property allows opportunities for implementing renewable and sustainable energy through power harvesting and self-sustained smart sensing in buildings. As the most common construction material, plain cement paste lacks satisfactory piezoelectricity and is not efficient at harvesting the electrical energy from the ambient vibrations of a building system. In recent years, many techniques have been proposed and applied to improve the piezoelectric capacity of cement-based composite, namely admixture incorporation and physical. The successful application of piezoelectric materials for sustainable building development not only relies on understanding the mechanism of the piezoelectric properties of various building components, but also the latest developments and implementations in the building industry. Therefore, this review systematically illustrates research efforts to develop new construction materials with high piezoelectricity and energy storage capacity. In addition, this article discusses the latest techniques for utilizing the piezoelectric materials in energy harvesters, sensors and actuators for various building systems. With advanced methods for improving the cementations piezoelectricity and applying the material piezoelectricity for different building functions, more renewable and sustainable

**Keywords:** piezoelectric effect, ferroelectricity, actuators, sensors, buzzers

Technical application of Piezoelectricity phenomenon first discovered by Pierre and Jacques curie and Jacques curie in 1880 [1] and thereafter soon understood from the crystallographic point of view had a very slow start because for decades only a few suitable materials were available. In spite of their small piezoelectric effect, quartz crystals continue to dominate as components for frequency control since the early days of radio engineering [2], this is due to their extremely sharp resonance curves, which are stable with respect to temperature and aging. The first ferroelectric material, Rochelle Salt [3] was found out to the suitable for broadband applications in the year 1920.Stability problems encountered with these crystals,

*S. Ramesh, K. Venkata Prasad, P.S.V. Subba Rao*
