*3.3.4 Ultrasonic cleaning*

**3.3 Piezoelectric actuators in industrial applications**

controlling small valves within fuel injectors.

injections of fuel during the diesel combustion process.

in small packages, compared to electromagnetic solenoids.

cations:

process [12].

*3.3.1 Diesel fuel injectors*

*Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials*

*3.3.2 Fast response solenoids*

*3.3.3 Optical adjustment*

optical or physics experiments.

long service life:

**80**

In this times when piezoelectric sensors are highly valuable to the industrial sector, the industry also makes use of piezoelectric actuators for a variety of appli-

In the last decade, regulations on emissions from diesel engines have become increasingly stringent. In addition to this, customers continue to demand quieter engines with improved power and torque curves. In order to meet these stringent demands for compliance and performance, engine manufacturers have resorted to using precisely timed and metered injections of fuel during the combustion

Besides the working of other applications in piezoelectric devices, a single fuel injector may switch fuel flow with pressures exceeding 26,000 psi (1800 bar) on and off several times in rapid succession during a single power stroke. Such precise control of high-pressure fluid is made possible by using piezoelectric actuators

Equipment which involves diesel engine emissions have become increasingly stringent, yet customers' demands for quieter engines with improved power output has led the world's leading firms in fuel injection technologies to invest in extensive research and development. To fulfill the customers demands while remaining compliant and ahead of regulatory pressures, Piezo Diesel Injectors were developed to reduce emissions by making the combustion of fuel within the cylinder more efficient. Such technological progress leads a new phase with possibilities of

improved performance and reduced emissions through precisely timed and metered

Some processes require quick and precise mechanical actuation that is difficult, if it is not satisfied by that process it uses electromagnetic solenoids to achieve. While speed may not always be a concern, power consumption or compactness of size is the most prominent one. In accordance with this, piezoelectric actuators are often able to fill the niche as they provide fast response and low power consumption

Some optics needs to be adjusted or modulated with a wide frequency response and with a minimum number of moving parts. Piezoelectric actuators are often employed in such applications where they provide fast and accurate control over a

• The angle of a mirror or diffraction grating may need to be precisely varied according to an electrical input. Such applications are often encountered in

spacecraft optics are subject to movement and vibration. In such cases, optics

• Earth-based telescope arrays are subject to atmospheric distortion, and

Piezoelectric Actuators also contribute to ultrasonic cleaning applications. To perform ultrasonic cleaning, objects are immersed in a solvent (water, alcohol, acetone, etc.). A piezoelectric transducer then agitates the solvent. Many objects with inaccessible surfaces can be cleaned using this methodology.

Piezoelectric ultrasonic cleansers (**Figure 4**) provide capabilities such as ultrasonic breaking up of kidney stones and removal of dental plaque. They are used to conduct precise measurements to identify flaws and other anomalies detected between transmitters and receivers of ultrasonic waves.
