*Medical Application of Ultra-Wideband Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93577*


#### **Table 1.**

these parameters are reflection (Γ) and transmission (Γ) coefficients between

**<sup>Γ</sup><sup>1</sup>***=***<sup>2</sup>** <sup>¼</sup> <sup>ƞ</sup>**<sup>2</sup>** � <sup>ƞ</sup>**<sup>1</sup>** ƞ**<sup>2</sup>** þ ƞ**<sup>1</sup>**

**T1***=***<sup>2</sup>** <sup>¼</sup> **<sup>2</sup>**ƞ**<sup>2</sup>**

Finally, the amplitude of transmitted wave (*Ex*) will decrease (attenuate)

where *x* is the crossing distance and *a* is the attenuation coefficient, while the equations of this wave after incidents at the boundary between the two mediums

where *Ei* is the incident wave, *Et* is the transmitted wave, *Er* is the reflected

The above equations have been applied on the human body tissues based on the characteristic properties of the tissues which are dependent on the frequency of

The transmission angle between the tissues and the intrinsic impedance of human tissues is calculated as shown in **Table 1**, using a frequency center of 5 GHz, the incident angle of π/4, and based on the permittivity and conductivity (dielectric properties) of all tissues. Here, the intrinsic impedance has a directional relationship with the transmitted wave frequency, while the transmission angle has an inverse relationship with the frequency of the transmitted wave, and also it is based on the

The results in **Table 1** are essential for time, distance, and speed calculation, which are essentially for the tissue recognition needed for image reconstruction, as

The velocity, time, and the distance between the two transceivers (one-way distance) have been calculated by using the characteristic properties of human

wave, T is the transmission coefficient, and Γ is the reflection coefficient. The dielectric properties of human body tissue are estimated by Gabriel [40, 41], so the thicknesses of the tissues (layers) in any region of the human body are represented in [42]. The equations above can be applied on the human body layers depending on the characteristic properties of each tissue which are

exponentially and can be obtained from the equation:

with different dielectric properties will be:

*Innovations in Ultra-WideBand Technologies*

dependent on the transmitted wave frequency.

*3.3.1 Intrinsic impedance and transmission angle calculation*

intrinsic impedance and the incident angle.

mentioned in Section 3.2.

**82**

*3.3.2 Distance and time calculations*

**3.3 Results and discussion**

transmitted wave.

ƞ**<sup>2</sup>** þ ƞ**<sup>1</sup>**

*Ex* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>e</sup>ax* (20)

*Et* ¼ *T:Ei* (21) *Er* ¼ **Γ***:Ei* (22)

(18)

(19)

mediums [34, 39]:

#### *Dielectric properties of human tissues.*

tissues which are listed in **Table 1**. The thickness of these layers (tissues) are taken in the thorax area and ordered as shown in **Figure 4**.

From the results shown in **Table 2**, the variations in the times and speeds for the layers have been observed and are based on the dielectric properties of each layer. These differences will enable the medical image reconstruction depending on the speed of waves in the tissues.
