*Medical Application of Ultra-Wideband Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93577*

Note that all experiments have been practiced in the 5 GHz frequency center, with its fitting to the FCC mask, at accepted SAR level, at 37°C temperature, and with fresh blood, and with fresh blood (+O blood group). Also, in the real case, the experiment has some limitations in the adding of these materials to the patients'

**Pure blood Blood with citrate Blood with EDTA** 58 62 63.5

It is an ultra-wideband device used for measuring the glucose concentration in

where *Ei* is the incident wave and *Er* is the reflected wave. Also, the reflection

ffiffiffiffiffi *εr*1 <sup>p</sup> � ffiffiffiffiffi *εr*2 p

ffiffiffiffiffi *εr*1 <sup>p</sup> <sup>þ</sup> ffiffiffiffiffi *εr*2

Finally, the blood glucose concentration has been measured with high percentage of accuracy, which is related to the changes in the blood permittivity (dielectric

The finding of the results and hypothesis in Section 3 have concluded a selective direction ultra-wideband imaging radar with multi-static used for angiography with many features; the most important features for this radar are minimizing the power dispersion to the half, which is causing decrease in the attenuation of the signal at

coefficient has proportional relationship with the blood permittivity (Ԑr) as

*Γ* ¼

*Er* ¼ Γ*:Ei* (23)

p (24)

the blood noninvasively. The glucose concentration has been found relatively changing within the blood dielectric properties, according to the percentage of glucose that contain. Here, a decrease in the blood dielectric properties (permittivity) has been observed when the glucose percentage was increased (inverse relationship). This decrease was appeared clearly when the frequency range is increased and remained almost constant when it passed the 5GHz as shown as in **Figure 8**. Although, other factors may have an effect on the dielectric properties like temperature, gender, clotting rate, and blood density. This method can be applied accurately by using one ultra-wideband transceiver that is attached to the superficial blood vessel, and then compares the sent and the received signals which have been detected by the same transceiver to calculate the reflection coefficient. The proposed device will be depending on the reflected waves from the blood for measuring the glucose concentration, where a Vivaldi UWB antenna has been attached to the superficial blood vessels to detect the reflection coefficient. The reflection coefficient (Γ) can be obtained from the comparison between the amplitude of

blood (effected by the patient's condition and his disease background).

**4. Ultra-wideband glucometer**

*Innovations in Ultra-WideBand Technologies*

**Table 3.**

*Anticoagulant effect.*

transmitted and received (reflected) waves [44]:

illustrated below:

properties).

**86**

**5. Conclusions**

the depth of human tissues, and minimizing the time of arrival (TOA), where the ultra-wideband pulses have been received on the other side where there is no need to pass through human tissue again (one-way). The new radar has been designed to cancel the position calculations of return points, and it just needs to calculate the position of the received antenna on the other side by calculating the total offset (It) which is shown in **Figure 4**. As well as the ability of the new radar, for imaging in both directions (selective direction), makes it avoid the old problems of previous radars with power losses and image collapsing. Also, this new radar can be developed to work with other internal imaging devices like endoscopes and with the alike principle of work and similar design in addition to the study of the ability of improving the radar imaging by injecting the patient's body with a certain substance that manipulates the blood dielectric properties. The finding of the transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient among the multilayer tissue enables the new radar for choosing the best way to the imaging, which has been determined depending on the dielectric properties of tissues under exam. If the ultra-wideband pulses are transmitted from a layer with higher dielectric properties to the next layer with lower dielectric properties, then the reflection coefficient has a negative amplitude and the transmission coefficient has a high positive amplitude according to Eqs. (18) and (19), which will be due to most of the ultra-wideband pulses passing the boundary between the layers and arriving to the next layer, and the little percentage of pulses will be reflected from the boundary and will return in the opposite direction of propagation, and the opposite is right. The experiment results in Section 3.3.4 can introduce additional features that can be used for improving the ultra-wideband imaging through adjusting of the dielectric properties of blood by controlling the reflection and transmission coefficients in accord with the radar requirements. And as mentioned in the above paragraph, if the radar sends pulses from the outer transceiver into the inner one (one-way image), then the transmission coefficient must be improved, while if the radar sends pulses from the outer to another transceiver that is also outside the body (two-way image), then the reflection coefficient must be improved. Finally, the blood dielectric properties can help us to find the glucose concentration noninvasively by using one ultra-wideband transceiver (antenna), depending on the comparison between the transmitted and reflected pulses. The UWB antenna will be attached to the superficial blood vessel to avoid the noise and power attenuation from another human tissue to increase the accuracy of readings (where, the using of two antennas to send and receive the pulses from the other side of the hand will result in the wave being passed through many layers, and the power of the signal will be absorbed, which will cause


inaccurate measurement). Taking into the account the other parameters can have effects on the dielectric properties, which are mentioned above in Section 1.3. The permittivity has a clear reverse proportional relationship with blood glucose concentration, which can be used to determine the glucose concentration in blood in high accuracy in comparison with the previous studies. **Table 4** will mention a summary of relationships that serve our conclusions:

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*Medical Application of Ultra-Wideband Technology DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93577*

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