*Review of Ultra-Wide Band in Team Sports DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94591*

*Innovations in Ultra-WideBand Technologies*

**What this Document Add?**

•

In static conditions and over prolonged

periods of time UWB is more accurate than

GPS.

•

GPS accuracy was slightly more affected by

the speed and type of displacement than

UWB technology.

•

Intra- and inter-unit reliability was accept-

able for both systems analyzed.

**96**

**Ref.** Bastida-Castillo

• • • • • • measurement.

•

> Bastida-Castillo,

• • • • • • basketball court.

•

Drill: (1) static position; (2) perimeter

markings of the court; (3) middle line of

court; (4) exterior perimeter of the painted

lines; (5) circle 6.75 m line.

Gold Standard: Fixed reference lines of

Sampling frequency: 18 Hz.

Number of anchors: 6

Algorithm: TDOA.

Environment: indoor.

Aim: accuracy/reliability.

• y-position of 5.8 ± 2.3 cm.

• coordinate).

Inter-unit reliability and ICC = 0.65 (x coordinate) and 0.85 (y

MAE of all estimations for the x-position of 5.2 ± 3.1 cm and for the

• • •

The error of the position estimations does not

change significantly across different courses.

The use of different devices does not significantly affect the measurement error.

Position estimations are very precise and

acceptable for tactical analyses.

et al. [17]

Drill: linear, circular and zig-zag course.

Gold Standard: timing gates and real

Sampling frequency: 18 Hz.

Number of anchors: 6

Algorithm: TDOA.

Environment: outdoor.

Aim: accuracy/reliability

et al. [10]

**Article's information**

**Outcomes**

> •

Inter-unit reliability bias: 0.18.

•

*Velocity = b*ias: 0.09; ICC: 0.979; bias: 0.01.

*Distance covered =* bias: 0.57–5.85%; Test–retest reliability %TEM: 1.19*;*

**Table 3.**

 *Studies that assess validity or reliability of Realtrack systems´ UWB (Almería, Spain) (adapted from Rico-González et al. [9]).*


#### **Table 4.**

*Studies that assess validity or reliability of KINEXON's UWB (Munich, Germany) (adapted from Rico-González et al. [3]).*


#### **Table 5.**

*Studies that assess validity or reliability of Ubisense's UWB (Munich, Germany) (adapted from Rico-González et al. [3]).*

−2.65 and 2.06%. Thus, it was concluded that the UWB was reliable for distance covered and mean velocity [17]. Another study testing inter-unit reliability of UWB of the RealTrack system presented ICC values of 0.65 and 0.88 for x- and y-axis, respectively [17]. In the last published article using a develop device of this provider, Pino-Ortega et al., found remarkable that %CV of a 33 Hz and 8 antennae UWB was less than 1% in all cases, in going, coming back and in total. Besides, inter-unit, test– retest and inter-subject analysis did not influence the reliability results. Therefore, both KINEXON ONE and Realtrack Systems provide a reliable device for measures in sport settings (**Tables 3** and **4**). The characteristics of Realtrack Systems´, KINEXON ONE's and Ubisense's UWB devices have been summarized in **Table 6**.

**99**

*Review of Ultra-Wide Band in Team Sports DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94591*

**4. Principles for positioning detection**

*Characteristics of devices based on UWB (extracted from Serpiello [22]).*

**HR data available** Compatible with 3rd party

**Thresholds for each** 

**player?**

**Table 6.**

Radio-frequency EPTS are based on quite similar principles of use for positioning detection [13, 14, 21], however, UWB replace satellite navigation networks by a set of antennae installed in a known positioning around the field in which the data are going to be recorded. Thus, UWB system calculate position of devices using: (1) the antennae set (which act as a reference system), and (2) the devices tracked (**Figure 1**). The communication stablished between antennae allows a detection of each device enclosed in a tight-fitty garment commonly located between each player´ scapulae. So, UWB is based on a wireless technology, which establish a communication in the absence of a physical medium [23]. Concretely, the reference system is composed by a set of antennae located around the field in which the measurements are going to be recorded. Though an algorithm (see 4.2. section) (e.g. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)), at least three antennae stablished a circumference around themselves, whose radius is defined by the distance between an antenna and the object [13]. It is known that player positioning is in any place of the circumference's perimeter. When at least three antennae stablish their computation, the circumferences perimeters meet in a common place, where the player is (**Figure 1**). These communication is stablished using electromagnetic waves which carry data [23]. The values of the electromagnetic waves that allow positioning computation are measured over time, and represented by curves, called sinusoids [24]. These curves appear in a certain shape according to their values. Mathematically, these sinusoids are the result of the number of beats or cycles per second (frequency), the power of each frequency component (amplitudes), and the delay or advantage of a signal (phase), which describe the angular displacement of two sinusoidal functions [23, 25]. The key to transmitting the information is through the use of waves with more complex shapes, as a result of a combination of different sinusoids [25]. Depending on the frequency of these waves, indoor positioning wireless technologies are classified into different types (see introduction section).

**REALTRACK Wimu Pro KINEXON Ubisense**

Compatible with 3rd party sensors

Yes Yes Yes

No

Online

**Sampling rate** < 55 Hz 10–1000 Hz Not fixed **N° anchors** 6–12 6–16 Scalable **GPS integrated** Yes No No **Triaxial accelerometer** 4 sensors <1000 Hz 200 Hz — **Triaxial gyroscope** 3 sensors <1000 Hz 200 Hz — **Triaxial magnetometer** 160 Hz 20 Hz — **Battery life** 5 6 —

sensors

**Real-data available** Yes Yes Yes **Raw data available** Yes Yes Yes **Visualization platform** Software; App; Online Software; Online Software;

**Technology based** ANT+ **— —**

*Review of Ultra-Wide Band in Team Sports DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94591*


**Table 6.**

*Innovations in Ultra-WideBand Technologies*

• Aim: accuracy/reliability. • Environment: indoor. • Brand: 1.0, Munich, Germany. • Algorithm: not defined. • Number of anchors: 12 • Sampling frequency: 18/20 Hz. • Gold Standard: not defined. • Drill: Specific circuits: walking, jogging, and sprinting sections that were performed either in straight-lines or with changes

of direction.

• Aim: accuracy. • Environment: indoor. • Brand: Ubisens Series 7000

Compact Tag. • Algorithm: TDOA/AOA. • Number of anchors: 6 • Sampling frequency: 4.17 ± 0.01 Hz per-tag. • Gold Standard: trundle wheel. • Drill: *Runs* in the center of the playing field and at the borders; *Matches* (5 vs. 5 + 1 player (without ball contact) leading a trundle wheel).

Hoppe et al., [20]

**Table 4.**

Leser et al., [19]

*Rico-González et al. [3]).*

**Ref. Article's information Outcomes What this** 

*Studies that assess validity or reliability of KINEXON's UWB (Munich, Germany) (adapted from* 

**Ref. Article's information Outcomes What this** 

• *Distance covered*

CV: 1.1–5.1% UWB 20 Hz, TEE: 1.0–6.0%; CV: 0.7–5.0%

UWB 18 Hz, TEE: 4.5–14.3%; CV: 3.1–7.5% UWB 20 Hz, TEE: 2.1–9.2%;

• *Relative loss of data sets due to measurement error* UWB 18 Hz = 20.0% UWB 20 Hz = 15.8%

• *Runs* = difference with trundle wheel: 8.25 ± 4.07%; 95% LoA: 0.27–16.22%). • *Match* = MD = 3.45 ± 1.99%;

agreement = −0.46–7.35%.

95% limits of

CV: 1.6–7.3%

• *Sprint*

UWB 18 Hz: TEE: 1.6–8.0%;

**Document Add?**

• Overall, 20 Hz UWB had superior validity and reliability than 18 Hz UWB and 10 Hz GPS.

**Document Add?**

• UWB had enough accuracy for time-motion analysis.

**98**

**Table 5.**

*et al. [3]).*

−2.65 and 2.06%. Thus, it was concluded that the UWB was reliable for distance covered and mean velocity [17]. Another study testing inter-unit reliability of UWB of the RealTrack system presented ICC values of 0.65 and 0.88 for x- and y-axis, respectively [17]. In the last published article using a develop device of this provider, Pino-Ortega et al., found remarkable that %CV of a 33 Hz and 8 antennae UWB was less than 1% in all cases, in going, coming back and in total. Besides, inter-unit, test– retest and inter-subject analysis did not influence the reliability results. Therefore, both KINEXON ONE and Realtrack Systems provide a reliable device for measures in sport settings (**Tables 3** and **4**). The characteristics of Realtrack Systems´, KINEXON

*Studies that assess validity or reliability of Ubisense's UWB (Munich, Germany) (adapted from Rico-González* 

ONE's and Ubisense's UWB devices have been summarized in **Table 6**.

*Characteristics of devices based on UWB (extracted from Serpiello [22]).*
