Meet the editor

Dr. Redmond R. Shamshiri holds a Ph.D. in agricultural automation with a focus on control systems and dynamics. He is a scientist at the Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie working toward digitization of agriculture for food security. His main research fields include simulation and modeling for closed-field plant production systems, LPWAN sensors, wireless control, and autonomous navigation. His work has appeared in

over 100 publications, including peer-reviewed journal papers, book chapters, and conference proceedings. He is a member of the Adaptive AgroTech Consultancy Network and serves as a section editor and reviewer for various high-ranking journals in the field of smart farming.

Contents

for Food Security

Conditions *by Erick K. Ronoh*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 25**

**Chapter 3 49**

**Chapter 4 79**

**Chapter 5 93**

**Chapter 6 109**

Temperature and Humidity Control for the Next Generation Greenhouses:

The Canadian Integrated Northern Greenhouse: A Hybrid Solution

Radiation Exchange at Greenhouse Tilted Surfaces under All-Sky

Greenhouse Requirements for Soilless Crop Production: Challenges

Greenhouse Crop Simulation Models and Microclimate Control

*Hamid Zare Abyane, Mohsen Godarzi, Davood Momeni* 

*by Aliyu Idris Muhammad, Abubakar Shitu, Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan,* 

*by Seyed Moin-E-Ddin Rezvani, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed,* 

Greenhouse Automation Using Wireless Sensors and IoT Instruments

*by Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Kelly R. Thorp, Siva K. Balasundram, Sanaz Shafian, Mohammad Fatemieh, Muhammad Sultan, Benjamin Mahns and Saba Samiei*

Overview of Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling Systems *by Muhammad Sultan, Hadeed Ashraf, Takahiko Miyazaki,* 

*Redmond R. Shamshiri and Ibrahim A. Hameed*

*by David Leroux and Mark Lefsrud*

and Prospects for Plant Factories

*and Attanda Muhammed Lawal*

Systems, A Review

*and Siva K. Balasundram*

*Muhammad Hilal Kabir, Musa Abubakar Tadda* 

Integrated with Artificial Intelligence

## Contents


## **Chapter 7**

Combating Greenhouse Effects through Biomass Gasification: A Focus on Kinetic Modeling of Combustion and Gasification Zones *by Sunday J. Ojolo and Musbau G. Sobamowo*

## **Chapter 8**

Design and Evaluation of an Automated Monitoring and Control System for Greenhouse Crop Production *by Arasu Sivagami, Michael Angelo Kandavalli and Bhaskarrao Yakkala*

**II**

Preface

Closed-field crop production systems by means of controlled environments and high-tech greenhouses have faced significant technical improvements in terms of structural design, resource management, decision support systems, simulation models, and automation-control systems. It is predicted that by 2050, more than 70% of the world's population will live in the cities. This scenario challenges researchers and greenhouse growers to incorporate digital technology and examine different innovative cultivation techniques in order to secure the supply chain of fresh fruits and vegetables. In some regions where land is scarce, conventional greenhouses are being replaced with vertical farms, roof-top greenhouses, plant factories, and modular agri-cube units for urban farming in order to respond to the food security of the increasing world population. The main objectives of these platforms are increasing productivity and reducing expenses in a sustainable manner. The nextgeneration greenhouses are expected to produce "twice as much food using half as many resources." To achieve this, engineering solutions and technological developments have been integrated with agricultural sciences to reduce carbon footprint and

minimize the dependencies on energy, space, soil, water, and natural light.

and validating different control algorithms.

For modern high-tech greenhouses to attain their objectives and keep the production competitive, specific attention needs to be paid to the technical aspects of automation and control systems, environmental control methods, structural design, energy management, and cultural practices. This presented book aims to expand and highlight these aspects from an academic perspective in separate chapters. In the first chapter, Shamshiri et al. demonstrate real-time monitoring and wireless automation instruments that are integrated with advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence for providing a flexible control on the greenhouse environment. The second chapter is dedicated to the fundamentals of microclimate control systems followed by an overview of the advances in the desiccant and evaporative cooling systems. According to Sultan et al., solar-operated desiccant-based evaporative cooling systems could be an alternate option for next-generation greenhouse air-conditioning. The third chapter demonstrates a real-world example, the Canadian Integrated Northern Greenhouse (CING), that provides an adaptive design solution for growing fresh food year-round for northern Canadians. According to Leroux and Lefsrud, using container farming, the combination of natural and supplemental light has the potential to reduce energy needs linked to lighting. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss radiation exchange in greenhouses, as well as the requirements and the challenges for soilless crop production. Various plant growth models and simulation analyses for dynamic assessment of cropgrowth microenvironments prior to and during the actual cultivation are reviewed and summarized in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, the kinetic modeling of combustion and gasification zones for embracing greenhouse effects through biomass gasification is demonstrated. Chapter 8 presents an affordable open-source prototype for automated irrigation and environmental monitoring that can be used for experimenting

To ensure food security and self-sustainability, the next-generation greenhouses should incorporate advances in controlled-environment agriculture, energy optimization models, crop models, artificial lighting, and benefits from the concepts of

**149**
