131–135. DOI: 10.4067/S0717- 77122003000300008.

[99] Sánchez Thevenet P, Jensen O, Mellado I, Torrecillas C, Raso S, Flores ME, Minvielle MC, Basualdo JA. An ecoepidemiological study of contamination of soil with infective forms of intestinal parasites. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 19:481–489. DOI: 10.1023/B:EJEP.0000027352.55755.58

[100] Semenas L, Flores V, Viozzi G, Vázquez G, Pérez A, Ritossa L. 2014. Helmintos zoonóticos en heces caninas de barrios de Bariloche (Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina). Revista Argentina de Parasitología. 2014; 2:22– 27. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/ 11336/12004

[101] Soriano SV, Pierangeli NB, Roccia I, Bergagna HFJ, Lazzarini LE, Celescinco A, Saiz MS, Kossman A, Contreras PA, Arias C, Basualdo JA. A wide diversity of zoonotic intestinal parasites infects urban and rural dogs in Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology. 2010; 167:81– 85. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.048.

[102] Souto MG, Sánchez Thevenet P, Basualdo Farjat J. Evaluation of the presence of *Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato* in the environment and in hosts in a region endemic for hydatidosis in the province of Chubut (Argentina). Veterinary Parasitology. 2016; 6:42–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.09.005.

[103] Taranto NJ, Passamonte L, Marinconz R, De Marzi MC, Cajal SP, Malchiodi EL. Parasitosis zoonóticas transmitidas por perros en el chaco salteño, Salta, Argentina. Medicina. 2000; 60:217–220. http://www.medic inabuenosaires.com/revistas/vol60-00/ 2/parasitosis.htm.

[104] Torres P, Villalobos L, Woelfl S, Puga S. Identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, *Diphyllobothrium* *latum*, in southern Chile. Journal of Parasitology. 2004; 90:1190–1193. DOI: 10.1645/ge-3332rn.

nematode transmission potential in municipal dog parks in the southeast United States. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2019; 18: 100324. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96125*

250–256. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/

[117] Martínez PG. Hidatidosis humana: antecedentes generales y situación epidemiológica en Chile, 2001–2009. Revista Chilena de Infectología. 2011; 28:585–591. DOI: 10.4067/S0716-

[118] Vera GM, Venturelli FM, Ramírez JT, Venturelli AL. Hidatidosis humana. Cuadernos de Cirugía. 2003; 17:88–94. http://revistas.uach.cl/pdf/cuadcir/

[119] López-Osorio S, Penagos-Tabares F, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Prevalence of *Toxocara* spp. in dogs and cats in South America (excluding Brazil). Advances in Parasitology. 2020; 109:743–778. DOI:

[120] Eslahi AV, Badri M, Khorshidi A, Majidiani H, Hooshmand E, Hosseini H, Taghipour A, Foroutan M, Pestehchian N, Firoozeh F, Riahi SM, Zibaei M. Prevalence of *Toxocara* and *Toxascaris* infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach. BMC Infectious Disease. 2020; 20:20. DOI:

[121] Fillaux J, Santillán G, Magnaval JF, Jensen O, Larrieu E, Sobrino-Becaria CD. Epidemiology of toxocariasis in a steppe environment: The Patagonia study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007; 76:1144– 1147. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.1144

[122] Martín UO, Demonte MA, Contini L, Giraldez E, Mendicino D, Del Barco M. Toxocariosis in different vulnerable groups of children in Argentina. Salud (i)Ciencia. 2014; 20:592–597. https:// www.siicsalud.com/des/expertoimpre

[123] Godoy P, Mauvezin J, Basmadjián

Toxocariasis: manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio en niños asistidos en un

Y, Sayagués B, Giachetto G.

org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.029

10.1186/s12879-020-4759-8

so.php/120904

rpsp/v8n4/3551.pdf

*The State of Knowledge on Intestinal Helminths in Free-Roaming Dogs in Southern…*

10182011000700013

v17n1/art14.pdf

[111] Hotez PJ. Human Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases: Heading Towards 2050. Advances in Parasitology. 2018; 100:29–38. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.

[112] Traversa, D. Are we paying too much attention to cardio-pulmonary nematodes and neglecting old-fashioned worms like *Trichuris vulpis*? Parasites Vectors. 2011; 4:32. DOI: 10.1186/1756-

[113] Felsmann M, Michalski M, Felsmann M, Sokół R, Szarek J, Strzyżewska-Worotyńska E. Invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health - A review and own studies. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2017; 24:245–249. DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1235019

[114] Rostami A, Riahi SM, Hofmann A, Ma G, Wang T, Behniafar H, Taghipour A, Fakhri Y, Spotin A, Chang BCH, Macpherson CNL, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB. Global prevalence of *Toxocara* infection in dogs. Advances in Parasitology. 2020;

[115] Larrieu E, Gavidia CM, Lightowlers MW. Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019; 66:889–899.

[116] Larrieu E, Frider B, del Carpio M, Salvitti JC, Mercapide C, Pereyra R, Costa M, Odriozola M, Pérez A, Cantoni G, Sustercic J. Portadores asintomáticos

109:561–583. DOI: 10.1016/bs.

apar.2020.01.017

DOI:10.1111/zph.12649

de hidatidosis: epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2000; 8:

**77**

100324

03.002

3305-4-32

[105] Vargas C, Torres P, Jercic MI, Lobos M, Oyarce A, Juan Carlos M, Ayala S. Frequency of anti-*Toxocara* spp. antibodies in individuals attended by the Centro de Salud Familiar and environmental contamination with *Toxocara canis* eggs in dog feces, in the coastal Niebla town, Chile. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2016; 58:62. DOI: 10.1590/S1678- 9946201658062

[106] Winter M, Perera N, Marigual G, Corominas MJ, Mora M, Lecertua A, Ávila A, Arezo M. Enteroparásitos en heces caninas de la costanera pública de Viedma (Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina). Revista Argentina de Parasitología. 2018; 7:23–28. http:// www.revargparasitologia.com.ar/pdf/ RevArgParasitol\_Vol7\_Winter.pdf

[107] Zonta ML, Cociancic P, Oyhenart EE, Navone GT. Intestinal parasitosis, undernutrition and socio-environmental factors in schoolchildren from Clorinda Formosa, Argentina. Revista de Salud Pública. 2019; 21:224–231. DOI: 10.15446/rsap.V21n2.73692.

[108] Zunino MG, De Francesco MV, Kuruc JA, Schweigmann N, Wisnivesky MC, Jensen O. Contaminación por helmintos en espacios públicos de la provincia de Chubut, Argentina. Boletín chileno de parasitología. 2000; 55. DOI: 10.4067/S0365-94022000000300008.

[109] Haddaway NR, Bethel A, Dicks LV, Koricheva J, Macura B, Petrokofsky G, Pullin AS, Savilaakso S, Stewart GB. Eight problems with literature reviews and how to fix them. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2020; 4:1582–1589. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01295-x

[110] Savadelis MD, Evans CC, Mabry KH, LeFavi LN, Klink BD, Simson C, Moorhead AR. Canine gastrointestinal *The State of Knowledge on Intestinal Helminths in Free-Roaming Dogs in Southern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96125*

nematode transmission potential in municipal dog parks in the southeast United States. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2019; 18: 100324. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019. 100324

131–135. DOI: 10.4067/S0717-

*Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine*

parasites. European Journal of

Epidemiology. 2003; 19:481–489. DOI: 10.1023/B:EJEP.0000027352.55755.58

[100] Semenas L, Flores V, Viozzi G, Vázquez G, Pérez A, Ritossa L. 2014. Helmintos zoonóticos en heces caninas de barrios de Bariloche (Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina). Revista

Argentina de Parasitología. 2014; 2:22– 27. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/

[101] Soriano SV, Pierangeli NB, Roccia

I, Bergagna HFJ, Lazzarini LE, Celescinco A, Saiz MS, Kossman A, Contreras PA, Arias C, Basualdo JA. A wide diversity of zoonotic intestinal parasites infects urban and rural dogs in

Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology. 2010; 167:81– 85. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.048.

[103] Taranto NJ, Passamonte L, Marinconz R, De Marzi MC, Cajal SP, Malchiodi EL. Parasitosis zoonóticas transmitidas por perros en el chaco salteño, Salta, Argentina. Medicina. 2000; 60:217–220. http://www.medic inabuenosaires.com/revistas/vol60-00/

[104] Torres P, Villalobos L, Woelfl S, Puga S. Identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, *Diphyllobothrium*

2/parasitosis.htm.

**76**

[102] Souto MG, Sánchez Thevenet P, Basualdo Farjat J. Evaluation of the presence of *Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato* in the environment and in hosts in a region endemic for hydatidosis in the province of Chubut (Argentina). Veterinary Parasitology. 2016; 6:42–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.09.005.

11336/12004

[99] Sánchez Thevenet P, Jensen O, Mellado I, Torrecillas C, Raso S, Flores ME, Minvielle MC, Basualdo JA. An ecoepidemiological study of contamination of soil with infective forms of intestinal

*latum*, in southern Chile. Journal of Parasitology. 2004; 90:1190–1193. DOI:

[105] Vargas C, Torres P, Jercic MI, Lobos M, Oyarce A, Juan Carlos M, Ayala S. Frequency of anti-*Toxocara* spp. antibodies in individuals attended by the Centro de Salud Familiar and environmental contamination with *Toxocara canis* eggs in dog feces, in the coastal Niebla town, Chile. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2016; 58:62. DOI: 10.1590/S1678-

[106] Winter M, Perera N, Marigual G, Corominas MJ, Mora M, Lecertua A, Ávila A, Arezo M. Enteroparásitos en heces caninas de la costanera pública de

[107] Zonta ML, Cociancic P, Oyhenart EE, Navone GT. Intestinal parasitosis, undernutrition and socio-environmental factors in schoolchildren from Clorinda Formosa, Argentina. Revista de Salud Pública. 2019; 21:224–231. DOI: 10.15446/rsap.V21n2.73692.

[108] Zunino MG, De Francesco MV, Kuruc JA, Schweigmann N, Wisnivesky MC, Jensen O. Contaminación por helmintos en espacios públicos de la provincia de Chubut, Argentina. Boletín chileno de parasitología. 2000; 55. DOI: 10.4067/S0365-94022000000300008.

[109] Haddaway NR, Bethel A, Dicks LV, Koricheva J, Macura B, Petrokofsky G, Pullin AS, Savilaakso S, Stewart GB. Eight problems with literature reviews and how to fix them. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2020; 4:1582–1589. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01295-x

[110] Savadelis MD, Evans CC, Mabry KH, LeFavi LN, Klink BD, Simson C, Moorhead AR. Canine gastrointestinal

Viedma (Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina). Revista Argentina de Parasitología. 2018; 7:23–28. http:// www.revargparasitologia.com.ar/pdf/ RevArgParasitol\_Vol7\_Winter.pdf

10.1645/ge-3332rn.

9946201658062

77122003000300008.

[111] Hotez PJ. Human Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases: Heading Towards 2050. Advances in Parasitology. 2018; 100:29–38. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018. 03.002

[112] Traversa, D. Are we paying too much attention to cardio-pulmonary nematodes and neglecting old-fashioned worms like *Trichuris vulpis*? Parasites Vectors. 2011; 4:32. DOI: 10.1186/1756- 3305-4-32

[113] Felsmann M, Michalski M, Felsmann M, Sokół R, Szarek J, Strzyżewska-Worotyńska E. Invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health - A review and own studies. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2017; 24:245–249. DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1235019

[114] Rostami A, Riahi SM, Hofmann A, Ma G, Wang T, Behniafar H, Taghipour A, Fakhri Y, Spotin A, Chang BCH, Macpherson CNL, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB. Global prevalence of *Toxocara* infection in dogs. Advances in Parasitology. 2020; 109:561–583. DOI: 10.1016/bs. apar.2020.01.017

[115] Larrieu E, Gavidia CM, Lightowlers MW. Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019; 66:889–899. DOI:10.1111/zph.12649

[116] Larrieu E, Frider B, del Carpio M, Salvitti JC, Mercapide C, Pereyra R, Costa M, Odriozola M, Pérez A, Cantoni G, Sustercic J. Portadores asintomáticos de hidatidosis: epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2000; 8: 250–256. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/ rpsp/v8n4/3551.pdf

[117] Martínez PG. Hidatidosis humana: antecedentes generales y situación epidemiológica en Chile, 2001–2009. Revista Chilena de Infectología. 2011; 28:585–591. DOI: 10.4067/S0716- 10182011000700013

[118] Vera GM, Venturelli FM, Ramírez JT, Venturelli AL. Hidatidosis humana. Cuadernos de Cirugía. 2003; 17:88–94. http://revistas.uach.cl/pdf/cuadcir/ v17n1/art14.pdf

[119] López-Osorio S, Penagos-Tabares F, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Prevalence of *Toxocara* spp. in dogs and cats in South America (excluding Brazil). Advances in Parasitology. 2020; 109:743–778. DOI: org/10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.029

[120] Eslahi AV, Badri M, Khorshidi A, Majidiani H, Hooshmand E, Hosseini H, Taghipour A, Foroutan M, Pestehchian N, Firoozeh F, Riahi SM, Zibaei M. Prevalence of *Toxocara* and *Toxascaris* infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach. BMC Infectious Disease. 2020; 20:20. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4759-8

[121] Fillaux J, Santillán G, Magnaval JF, Jensen O, Larrieu E, Sobrino-Becaria CD. Epidemiology of toxocariasis in a steppe environment: The Patagonia study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007; 76:1144– 1147. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.1144

[122] Martín UO, Demonte MA, Contini L, Giraldez E, Mendicino D, Del Barco M. Toxocariosis in different vulnerable groups of children in Argentina. Salud (i)Ciencia. 2014; 20:592–597. https:// www.siicsalud.com/des/expertoimpre so.php/120904

[123] Godoy P, Mauvezin J, Basmadjián Y, Sayagués B, Giachetto G. Toxocariasis: manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio en niños asistidos en un

prestador integral de salud privado de Montevideo, Uruguay (2014–2018). Revista Médica del Uruguay. 2020; 36: 6–11. DOI: 10.29193/rmu.36.1.1

[124] Plascencia Gómez A, Proy H, Eljure N, Atoche Dieguez C, Calderón Rocher C, Bonifaz A. *Larva migrans* cutánea relacionada con *Ancylostomas*. Dermatología Revista Mexicana. 2013; 57:454–460. https://www.medigraphic.c om/pdfs/derrevmex/rmd-2013/rmd 136g.pdf

[125] Bava J, González LG, Seley CM, López GP, Troncoso A. A case report of cutaneous *larva migrans* in Argentina. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2011; 1:81–82. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60074-9

[126] González FCG, Galilea ONM, Pizarro CK. Autochthonous cutaneous *larva migrans* in Chile. A case report. Revista Chilena de Pediatría. 2015; 86: 426–9. DOI: 10.1016/j. rchipe.2015.07.018

[127] Kolbach M, Gamé A, Araya G. *Larva migrans* cutánea: reporte de un caso. Revista Chilena de Dermatología. 2012; 28:190. https://www.sochiderm. org/web/revista/28\_2/17.pdf

[128] Beknazarova M, Barratt JLN, Bradbury RS, Lane M, Whiley H, Ross K. Detection of classic and cryptic *Strongyloides* genotypes by deep amplicon sequencing: A preliminary survey of dog and human specimens collected from remote Australian communities. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2019; 13:e0007241. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007241

[129] Rivero MR, De Angelo C, Núñez P, Salas M, Liang, S. Intestinal parasitism and nutritional status among indigenous children from the Argentinian Atlantic Forest: Determinants of enteroparasites infections in minority populations. Acta Tropica. 2018; 187:248–256. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.015

[130] Cimino RO, Fleitas P, Fernández M, Echazú A, Juarez M, Floridia-Yapur N, Cajal P, Seijo A, Abril M, Weinberg D, Piorno P, Caro N, Vargas P, Gil J, Crudo F, Krolewiecki A. Seroprevalence of the *Strongyloides stercoralis* infection in humans from Yungas Rainforest and Gran Chaco Region from Argentina and Bolivia. Pathogens. 2020; 9:394. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050394

[131] Mercado R, Jercic MI, Alcayaga S, de Paula FM, Ueta MT, Costa-Cruz JM. Seroepidemiological aspects of human *Strongyloides stercoralis* infections in Chile. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2007; 49:247– 249. DOI: 10.1590/S0036- 46652007000400010

**79**

**Chapter 4**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Treatment

*and Abdelkbir Rhalem*

Incrimination of Dog Vector

of Cystic Echinococcosis and

*Fatima Ezzahra Amarir, Abdelmohcine Aimrane* 

Impact of the Appropriate Dogs'

Dogs are involved in the transmission of several parasitic zoonosis. Among these, hydatidosis is very endemic in many countries of the world. Dog populations are very variable from one region to another, which increases the infestation risks across human populations especially in the developing countries such as in Morocco. Moreover, the risk of exposure is higher in dogs with access to rural slaughterhouses than in owned dogs. As for preventive measures, this calls for effective implementation of the appropriate dogs' treatment against hydatidosis. Thus, the following chapter updates the most relevant information on the impact of hydatidosis upon human populations and livestock animals, as to stretch understanding on the vector contribution of dogs.

**Keywords:** Dogs, Morocco, hydatidosis, zoonotic diseases, echinococcus granulosus

Dog-borne zoonotic diseases include all the infectious diseases targeting dogs that can be transmitted to humans. Though they present major zoonosis causing a heavy burden upon the human population worldwide, these diseases are mostly neglected as few insufficient scientific research efforts are realized to face it (WHO, 2007b). Several examples of zoonosis are present with high prevalence up to time, such as bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, cystic echinococcosis, visceral leishmaniosis, rabies [1], especially in the developing and North African countries in the poorest and most marginalized regions, in rural areas. Some of these diseases share the same definitive host represented by the dog. Especially hydatid cyst disease, which is endemic to hyper-endemic in agricultural countries in Europe, North, East and South Africa, South and North America, the Middle East and Asia [2–6].

The hydatid cyst, or *Cystic echinococcosis*, is caused by a small tapeworm parasite of canids, *Echinococcus granulosus*, which is then transmitted to humans via dogs. It has been reported in numerous reports that the incidence of the disease has increased in various parts of the world [9]. In Morocco for example, the annual incidence is 5.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants [10]. For this reason, several studies have

Morocco is one of these highly endemic countries [7, 8].
