**2. Diagnosis of canine hepatic carcinoma**

Due to the absence of nerves in the liver, the early liver neoplasia is painless. Therefore, when canine patients are clinically examined, their liver disease if any is diagnosed as moderate or severe.

The clinical symptoms include depression, lack of appetite, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, PU/PD, abdominal distention, lethargy, icterus, and ascites. The neurological disorder is mainly caused by hypoglycemia, hepatic encephalopathy, or metastasis of the central nervous system as shown in **Figure 2** [9, 21–24].

**Figure 2.** *A 12-year-old female Maltese had distention of the abdomen, was diagnosed with a liver tumor via ultrasound.*
