[41] MATSUMOTO

Flávia E. et al. Antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream yeasts isolated at a public children's hospital in Brazil: comparison of the "Etest®" and the AFST–EUCAST microdilution method. **Can J Microbiol**53(12). 2007.

[42] DALAZEN, Daniela et al. Comparação do perfil de suscetibilidade entre isolados clínicos de Candida spp. orais e vulvovaginais no Sul do Brasil. **J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.**, Rio de Janeiro, v. 47, n. 1, p. 33-38, Feb. 2011.

[43] DE OLIVEIRA, Márcia Nobre et al. Drogas antifúngicas para pequenos e grandes animais. **Ciência Rural**, v. 32, n. 1, p. 175-184, 2002.

[44] KHOSRAVI et al. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of *Candida zeylanoides* in BALB/c mice. **Turk J Vet Anim Sci,** 2013.

[45] NAGAPPAN Vijayalakshmi, BOIKOV Dina, VAZQUEZ Júlio A. Assessment of the "in vitro" kinetic activity of caspofungin against *Candida glabrata*. **Antimicrob Agents Chemother**54 (1). 2010.

**111**

Section 3

Oncology

Section 3 Oncology

*Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine*

**Micologia Médica**. Rio de Janeiro:

of antifungal agents for fermentative yeasts. **Clin Microbiol Infect**. 2008.

Flávia E. et al. Antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream yeasts isolated at a public children's hospital in Brazil: comparison of the "Etest®" and the AFST–EUCAST microdilution method.

Comparação do perfil de suscetibilidade entre isolados clínicos de Candida spp. orais e vulvovaginais no Sul do Brasil. **J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.**, Rio de Janeiro,

[43] DE OLIVEIRA, Márcia Nobre et al. Drogas antifúngicas para pequenos e grandes animais. **Ciência Rural**, v. 32, n.

[44] KHOSRAVI et al. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of *Candida zeylanoides* in BALB/c mice. **Turk J Vet Anim Sci,**

*Candida glabrata*. **Antimicrob Agents** 

[45] NAGAPPAN Vijayalakshmi, BOIKOV Dina, VAZQUEZ Júlio A. Assessment of the "in vitro" kinetic activity of caspofungin against

**Chemother**54 (1). 2010.

**Can J Microbiol**53(12). 2007.

[42] DALAZEN, Daniela et al.

v. 47, n. 1, p. 33-38, Feb. 2011.

1, p. 175-184, 2002.

2013.

[41] MATSUMOTO

[35] PAPPAS, Peter G. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. **Clinical infectious diseases**, p. 503-535,

[36] CURY AE. Resistência a

[37] MELHEM Marcia de Souza Carvalho, SZESZS Maria Walderez. Testes de suscetibilidade a drogas antifúngicas. In: Zaitz C, Campbell I, Marques AA, Ruiz LRB, Framil VMS. **Compêndio de micologia médica.** 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan;

[38] CLSI - Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved Standard M27-A3. Wayne,

[39] NUNES, Emmanuel Borges et al. Perfil de sensibilidade do gênero Candida a antifúngicos em um hospital de referência da Região Norte do Brasil. **Rev Pan-Amaz Saude**, Ananindeua, v.

2, n. 4, p. 23-30, dez. 2011.

[40] EUCAST - European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility. Definitive Document E Def 7.1: method for the determination of broth dilution MICs

antifúngicos utilizados em micologia médica. In: Zaitz C, Campbell I, Marques AA, Ruiz LRB, Framil VMS. Compêndio de micologia médica. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: **Guanabara Koogan;**

2009.

2010.

2010. p. 406-422.

PA: CLSI; 2008.

Guanabara Koogan. 2010.

[34] APPELT, Carin Elisabete; CAVALCANTE, Liziane Ferraresi Holanda. Malassezia pachydermatis em cães e sua susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos azóis: revisão de literatura. **Vet Foco**. 6(1): 21-28, jul.-dez. 2008.

**110**

**113**

**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

microbiome profiles are reviewed.

of members of a microbiota [2].

**1. Introduction**

**Keywords:** gut microbiome, carcinogenesis, therapy, dog, cancer

metabolic, autoimmune and oncologic diseases [1].

Small Animals Gut Microbiome

and Its Relationship with Cancer

*Tatiane Moreno Ferrarias Epiphanio and Andreia A.F. Santos*

This chapter aims to discuss recent developments in understanding the small animal gut microbiome's relationship with cancer, focusing on animals as well as a model for studying humans. Based on multidirectional interactions between the microbiome, the environment and the epigenetically/genetically vulnerable host, it intends to address the mechanisms by which microorganisms can contribute to carcinogenesis describing the roles of the microbiome directly in the pathogenesis of the disease through complex interactions between the microbiome and the host's metabolic and immune systems. The feasibility for developing new cancer diagnostic and prognostic methodologies plus treatments based on small animals'

Much recent medical research focuses on understanding the influences of the microbiome on host health and disease progression such as in inflammatory,

In order to introduce the reader to this chapter, it is essential to clarify some common terms such as microbiota, metataxonomics, microbiome and metagenome. The microbiota is defined as the assemblage of living microorganisms present in a certain environment and is composed by bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and small protists [2, 3]. Metataxonomics defines the high-throughput process used to taxonomically identify microorganisms in the environment and characterize the entire microbiota, creating a metataxonomic tree [2]. The definition of microbiome includes not only the microorganisms community, but also their "theatre of activity" that involves the whole spectrum of molecules produced by them, including their structural elements (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides), metabolites (signaling molecules, toxins, organic, and inorganic molecules), and molecules produced by coexisting hosts and structured by the environmental conditions [3]. It stands out that all mobile genetic elements, such as phages, viruses, and extracellular DNA should be included in the term microbiome but are not a part of microbiota [3]. Lastly, the term metagenome refers only to the collection of genes and genomes

In humans, as well as in small animals, these complex communities of microbes inhabit predominantly the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, but other exposed tissues, such as skin, breast, respiratory and urinary tract, can also harbor unique
