**3. Experimental details**

*Practical Applications of Laser Ablation*

**2.6 Working operation of PLD**

**2.7 Advantages of using PLD**

combination.

The advantages of using PLD include:

the PLD.

deposition system.

depositing on the substrate a rich, vibrant, stoichiometric and neatly arranged self-assembled layers. **Figure 1** depicts the schematic of the working principle of

**Figure 2(a)** and **(b)** shows the flowchart of the experiments to be carried out in a standard procedure before and after the deposition process using the pulsed laser

i.wavelength and power density flexibility help to ablate any material

geometry there is a considerable degree of freedom

ii.laser system is separated from the vacuum system hence while in the ablation

**48**

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 1.**

*Schematic working of pulsed laser deposition.*

*Operation of PLD instrument (a) before and (b) after deposition.*

**Figure 3** shows the schematic of ZnO deposited on Si/glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition. In this work, pulsed laser deposition technique was used for growing high quality stoichiometric ZnO thin films. Laser from the source hits the ZnO target, a plasma plume consisting of molecules and atoms of zinc and oxygen start to deposit on the surface of the substrate. The plasma plume regime is known as the plasma perimeter. Mostly the plume will be centered in the course of the plasma perimeter. The plasma perimeter dependent upon the factors such as laser energy, laser repetition rate, temperature maintained, pressure and the distance between the target and the substrate. A detailed study of the effects of laser repetition rate, deposition and annealing temperatures on the electrical, optical and structural properties of the pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin films were carried out.

In the same way the preparation for other materials such as MoO3, MoO2, binary oxides ZnO/MoO3, ZnO/TiO2 and ZnO/V2O5 were carried out with pulsed laser deposition. Various analytical techniques such as SEM, UV–Visible spectroscopy, current–voltage characterization, ac complex impedance spectroscopy were also carried out to study the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties.

**Figure 3.**

*Schematic of pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin film nanostructures/nanotextures on Glass/Si substrate [7].*
