Meet the editors

Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, MPH, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He completed postdocs in allergy and asthma toxicology and, asthma management and controlling a network fellowship. He has published more than 30 books and 110 papers in international journals in immunology, allergy, and asthma. He is also on the

editorial board of more than seventy journals. He has several scientific inventions to his credit and has recorded gene sequences in a gene bank. Dr. Athari has been invited as a top speaker at more than forty international congresses and symposiums. He is a recipient of several top researcher and young scientist awards.

Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, MD, is a cardiologist specializing in cardiovascular diseases who completed her residency at the Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. She has published more than twenty scientific articles in international journals. She has been an invited speaker at more than twenty international congresses. Dr. Nasab has received awards from different scientific societies.

Contents

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 5**

**Chapter 3 15**

**Chapter 4 23**

**Chapter 5 35**

Introductory Chapter: Sarcoidosis – New Perspectives *by Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Entezar Mehrabi Nasab*

*by Entezar Mehrabi Nasab and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari*

*by Patricia López Arribas, Maria Elena Martínez Gómez* 

Radiation Patterns of Modern Sarcoidosis (Alphabet)

Immunopathology of the Sarcoidosis

Mammary Gland Sarcoidosis

*by Henco Nel and Eli Gabbay*

*by Aleksandra Speranskaia*

*and Alvaro Zapico Goñi*

Skeletal Sarcoidosis

## Contents


Preface

Despite revolutionary advances in medical science, some diseases are still difficult to manage and treat, particularly rare diseases. Thus, much current medical research focuses on identifying molecular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways of disease to develop new treatments. The complexities of pathogenicity and damage of diseases need to be fully understood to design more accurate treatment and control methods.

The immune system is the first line of defense against disease in the human body. Thus, upgrading immune responses is necessary to cure many diseases. In the case of diseases in which infectious agents are involved in pathogenesis, increasing the quality of immune responses sometimes leads to increased resistance to infectious agents and promotes escape routes from the immune system. As such, it is necessary to identify the exact pathways of the immune system to increase the precision of practical responses

Sarcoidosis is a rare immune-mediated disease that affects multiple organs in the body. Written by experts in the field, this book presents an overview of the disease from an immunologic perspective. It discusses the cell signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in sarcoidosis as well as pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and treatment of the disease. The book begins with an introduction to sarcoidosis, including definitions and a description of the disease's immunopathology. Subsequent chapters discuss the disease in more detail as well as highlight recent advances in the field.

The material covered contributes to a better understanding of the immunopathology and molecular pathways of sarcoidosis. This book is a useful resource for researchers

**Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari**

Department of Immunology,

**Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab** Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tehran Heart Center,

Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Valiasr Hospital,

Zanjan University of Medical Sciences,

Tehran University of Medical Sciences,

Zanjan University of Medical Sciences,

Faculty of Medicine,

Zanjan, Iran

Tehran, Iran

Zanjan, Iran

and medical professionals both in the lab and in the field.

to diseases such as sarcoidosis.
