**5. Conclusion**

Amphibians are declining globally and emerging infectious diseases are one of the causes. Ranaviruses have a significant impact on diverse populations of ectothermic animals.

Interactions of amphibians with pathogenic organisms are extremely complex. Laboratory experiments, conducted on animals that are either captive-bred or have been maintained for extensive periods in captivity, are very important to understand the susceptibility of amphibians to disease.

Poor biosecurity practices can increase pathogen transmission and diseaserelated mortality in amphibians. Co-housing infected amphibians with uninfected individuals, even at low densities, increased disease-related mortality. Frog farm facilities should consider establishing amphibian disease surveillance programs and biosafety protocols for Ranavirus.

Biosafety measures should be implemented in aquaculture facilities, particularly in experimental/commercial farms, and a comprehensive biosecurity plan must be developed, implemented and monitored. Infrastructural factors, hygiene and disinfection, nutritional management and water supply are determinant to reduce or control risk infection. Education and training should be encourage concerning amphibian diseases and public health measures, especially when trade contributes to the spread of ranaviruses.
