**7.1 Self-assembly**

Self-assembly is one of the technique used to produce a variety of nano fibers. Self-assembly peptides are capable of producing scaffolds that improvises luminescence efficiency of nano clusters. Natural structural materials are self-assembled by acquiring desirable properties such as mechanical strength, thermal stability and biocompatibility. Peptide and peptide amphiphiles nano fibers are synthesized using self-assembly (**Figure 4**) [33].

**7**

**Figure 5.**

**7.2 Template synthesis**

*Nano fibers from template synthesis [34].*

Nano fibrils and hollow nano fiber are produced by template synthesis mechanism. Nano fibrils are prepared within the microporous membrane or any solid pores. Desired morphology of nano fiber is obtained by pre-configuration. **Figure 5** shows a method for preparation of nanofibers. Sol–gel or

*New Perspective of Nano Fibers: Synthesis and Applications*

*Generation of nano fibers through self-assembly, phase separation and electron spinning [33].*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97460*

**Figure 4.**

*New Perspective of Nano Fibers: Synthesis and Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97460*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

*Representation of Conventional and Modern Methods for synthesis of nano fibers.*

*Representation of nanofiber production with basic electrospinning method [32].*

**6**

**7.1 Self-assembly**

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 2.**

using self-assembly (**Figure 4**) [33].

Self-assembly is one of the technique used to produce a variety of nano fibers. Self-assembly peptides are capable of producing scaffolds that improvises luminescence efficiency of nano clusters. Natural structural materials are self-assembled by acquiring desirable properties such as mechanical strength, thermal stability and biocompatibility. Peptide and peptide amphiphiles nano fibers are synthesized *Generation of nano fibers through self-assembly, phase separation and electron spinning [33].*

**Figure 5.** *Nano fibers from template synthesis [34].*

#### **7.2 Template synthesis**

Nano fibrils and hollow nano fiber are produced by template synthesis mechanism. Nano fibrils are prepared within the microporous membrane or any solid pores. Desired morphology of nano fiber is obtained by pre-configuration. **Figure 5** shows a method for preparation of nanofibers. Sol–gel or

electrodeposition are used to fill cylindrical pores at nano scale. Nano fibers are formed below the template [34].

#### **7.3 Polymerization and sonochemical synthesis**

Polymerization is a specific method used to synthesize nano fibers from polyaniline [35]. Three major methods are used to produce nano fibers. Chemical oxidative polymerization, interfacial synthesis and rapid mixing reactions [36]. A traditional way of obtaining fibers from polyaniline is the chemical oxidative polymerization. Polymerization takes place with the addition of aniline and an oxidant in acidic solution. By this method nano fibers without fine structure are formed. However, ultrafine nano fibrous material is produced when potassium biiodate is used as oxidant, then crystalline fine structured nano fibers were formed [37]. Polyaniline nano fibers were produced with homogenous nucleation. In this process overgrowth of molecules occurs and is controlled by the formation of nano fibers.

A powerful ultrasound irradiation is utilized for chemical reaction of molecules is sonochemical synthesis. Using this methodology, the molecules undergo high temperature and pressure conditions to produce varied range of nano structured materials. Polyaniline nano fibers can also be obtained from this method [38].

#### **7.4 Electro hydrodynamic writing**

Electro hydrodynamic writing is a modern technique that drew attention of many with great potential in rendering nano fibers into highly flexible and controllable substrates. This technology gives highly controllable, flexible aliened micro/ nano fibers [39]. Output obtained through electro hydrodynamic writing in developing nano fibers is so popular due to low cost, high flexibility and intense applications in various fields. Direct writing is possible from mechanoelectrospinnig to obtain direct hierarchal nano or microfibers. Unlike the general electrospinning mechanisms this method uses mechanical force that stimulates positioning of fibers with controllable morphology. **Figure 6** shows the mechanism is used to produce nano fibers from assisted air flow with constrained force and additional stress that enhances jet stability. A versatile system is being developed for the production of ultrafine, highly flexible and stretchable electronics using nano fibers and there by applied in the formation of sacrificial structures [40].

#### **7.5 Plasma induced synthesis**

Plasma induced synthesis is used to generate nano particles in different shapes and nano fibers in five steps. (i) rapid bombardment of radicals on electrode surface (ii) atomic vapor deposition (iii) plasma expansion (iv) condensation of solution (v) in situ reaction of oxygen and growth of nano fibers [41]. In the production of nano fibers plasma generation is the key role. It is generated from discharge of pulse between electrodes in solution by direct current. Silver nano particles are induced on chitosan nano fibers are to confirm antibacterial activity [42].

#### **7.6 Solution blow spinning**

Solution blow spinning is a new emerging modern technique in fabrication of nano fibers. Both electrospinning and melt blowing elements are combined to organize this technique for the production of micro and nano fibers. Using this method production rate increases drastically. **Figure 7** shows the experimental arrangement of solution blow spinning. A syringe pump is used to deliver polymer

**9**

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 6.**

composite air filter masks [44].

*Representation of solution blowing technique [43].*

**7.7 Centrifugal jet spinning**

*New Perspective of Nano Fibers: Synthesis and Applications*

solution pumped through a nozzle under compressed air supply. This is used in situ deposition of nano fiber mats and mostly used for tissue engineering applications [43]. As an example nano fibers generated from solution blow spinning are used for

A new technique with high efficient, low cost and greater throughput to fabricate nano fibers is centrifugal jet spinning. **Figure 8** shows a dc motor with flexible air

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97460*

*Electro hydrodynamic writing to produce nano fibers [40].*

*New Perspective of Nano Fibers: Synthesis and Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97460*

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

**7.3 Polymerization and sonochemical synthesis**

formed below the template [34].

**7.4 Electro hydrodynamic writing**

**7.5 Plasma induced synthesis**

**7.6 Solution blow spinning**

applied in the formation of sacrificial structures [40].

on chitosan nano fibers are to confirm antibacterial activity [42].

electrodeposition are used to fill cylindrical pores at nano scale. Nano fibers are

Polymerization is a specific method used to synthesize nano fibers from polyaniline [35]. Three major methods are used to produce nano fibers. Chemical oxidative polymerization, interfacial synthesis and rapid mixing reactions [36]. A traditional way of obtaining fibers from polyaniline is the chemical oxidative polymerization. Polymerization takes place with the addition of aniline and an oxidant in acidic solution. By this method nano fibers without fine structure are formed. However, ultrafine nano fibrous material is produced when potassium biiodate is used as oxidant, then crystalline fine structured nano fibers were formed [37]. Polyaniline nano fibers were produced with homogenous nucleation. In this process overgrowth

A powerful ultrasound irradiation is utilized for chemical reaction of molecules is sonochemical synthesis. Using this methodology, the molecules undergo high temperature and pressure conditions to produce varied range of nano structured materials. Polyaniline nano fibers can also be obtained from this method [38].

Electro hydrodynamic writing is a modern technique that drew attention of many with great potential in rendering nano fibers into highly flexible and controllable substrates. This technology gives highly controllable, flexible aliened micro/ nano fibers [39]. Output obtained through electro hydrodynamic writing in developing nano fibers is so popular due to low cost, high flexibility and intense applications in various fields. Direct writing is possible from mechanoelectrospinnig to obtain direct hierarchal nano or microfibers. Unlike the general electrospinning mechanisms this method uses mechanical force that stimulates positioning of fibers with controllable morphology. **Figure 6** shows the mechanism is used to produce nano fibers from assisted air flow with constrained force and additional stress that enhances jet stability. A versatile system is being developed for the production of ultrafine, highly flexible and stretchable electronics using nano fibers and there by

Plasma induced synthesis is used to generate nano particles in different shapes and nano fibers in five steps. (i) rapid bombardment of radicals on electrode surface (ii) atomic vapor deposition (iii) plasma expansion (iv) condensation of solution (v) in situ reaction of oxygen and growth of nano fibers [41]. In the production of nano fibers plasma generation is the key role. It is generated from discharge of pulse between electrodes in solution by direct current. Silver nano particles are induced

Solution blow spinning is a new emerging modern technique in fabrication of nano fibers. Both electrospinning and melt blowing elements are combined to organize this technique for the production of micro and nano fibers. Using this method production rate increases drastically. **Figure 7** shows the experimental arrangement of solution blow spinning. A syringe pump is used to deliver polymer

of molecules occurs and is controlled by the formation of nano fibers.

**8**

**Figure 6.** *Electro hydrodynamic writing to produce nano fibers [40].*

#### **Figure 7.**

*Representation of solution blowing technique [43].*

solution pumped through a nozzle under compressed air supply. This is used in situ deposition of nano fiber mats and mostly used for tissue engineering applications [43]. As an example nano fibers generated from solution blow spinning are used for composite air filter masks [44].
