**2. Nanofiber's production**

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

(antibacterial activity).

discussed in the later part of this chapter.

of a nanofiber when it comes to biological usage. This is due to the stability issue and hence the porosity, morphology and shape are all variables and are adjusted to create the best possible product [2]. These products are also affected by the technique used for the production (here electrospinning- electric field, flow rate etc.). Environment and solution used to be the other two affecting parameters. There are a lot of correlations to be taken care of before finalising the nanofiber structure. As of now, we have an idea of what electrospun nanofibers are, however why these fibres are important is still a mystery to solve. With some basic knowledge of biology in earlier classes, we have concluded that staying away or preventing contact with microorganisms can reduce a lot of biological stress in our body. In short, using antimicrobials is a good option when it is available. Thus, Electro spun nanofibers when incorporate antimicrobial properties, become a great deal of interest even to common population e.g., electro spun nanofibers with essential oils (to prevent the side effect from synthetic compounds) [4], Electro spun nanofibers of zein and PVA have been proposed as carriers and stabilisers of epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) [5]. There are few studies on the incorporation and release profile of a drug loaded in biodegradable electro spun nanofibrous membranes, based on the drug-polymer interactions, on top of its ability to hinder bacterial growth. A polymer blend composed of/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/ poly (lactic acid) (PLA), loaded with different. Cloxacillin (CLOX) contents were fruitfully produced by using electrospinning technique (as shown in the following **Figure 1**) [6]. The confirmation for the encapsulation of drug was done using characterisation techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect was measured by the pH when the drug (20% of CLOX) was released

Along with antimicrobials, these nanofibers can possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well. Such properties tend to degrade in terms of effect when not incorporated properly but with a controlled release, this degradation can be avoided [5]. A detailed description of this technique, usage and the flaws will be

*Antibacterial activity and effect of pH on its release (electrospun nanofibers containing cloxacillin) [6].*

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**Figure 1.**

Fibres can be natural - from animals or plants, or synthetic – man made. When fibres come from plants, cellulose is the polymer made from the sugar glucose that makes those fibres well-built. Natural fibres from plants include cotton, jute, hemp, sisal, and flax. Silk is formed from the cocoons of silkworms. Wool is soft hair that is cut from animals like sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas, and even rabbits. Both silk and wool are protein. Cashmere is an extra-soft fur from goats. Mohair is wool from angora goats. Angora rabbits give us angora fibres [7].

A lot of different polymers can be made into fibres. Fibres are formed when polymer chains are all lined up in the same direction [7]. Metallic fibres, Carbon fibres, fibreglass, mineral fibres, and polymer fibres are all subtypes of synthetic fibres [8].

Diverse types of natural and synthetic types of polymers are used to make nanofibers henceforth they exhibit unlike properties and applications. Instances of manmade polymers include poly lactic acid, polyurethane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate plus poly 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate. Natural polymers comprise cellulose, collagen, gelatine, keratin, silk fibroin, then alginate and chitosan. Polymer chains are linked via covalent bonds [9].

There are many different methods to make nanofibers, including bicomponent extrusion, drawing, electrospinning, thermal-induced phase separation, selfassembly template synthesis and centrifugal spinning [9, 10]. Electrospinning is an extensively used method of producing nanofibers.
