**1. Introduction**

Nanofibers are fabricated thin threads arising from physical processes using synthetic chemicals. Nano, when used as a prefix, restricts the diameter of the thin fibres to nano range i.e., 20–400 nm [1]. Nano being a common term these days has proved it worth in various fields, well known being drug delivery and other biological ones. The high surface to volume ratio serves as the driving factor in most cases for its application. This is also the reason fibres when made in nano-range perform better (form highly porous mesh) and have been universally used [1].

Our purpose here is to highlight the technique, electrospinning, which is used to make nano-fibres with antimicrobial properties. It is a popular technique in tissue engineering that uses polymer solutions and strong electric fields to produce nanofibers as close as the natural extracellular matrix (especially in tissue engineering) [1, 2]. When it comes to industries, scalability is a major issue and electrospinning technique is favoured due to this reason and it has a simple setup [3]. Synthetic fibres are used more often than natural ones. There is no standard size

of a nanofiber when it comes to biological usage. This is due to the stability issue and hence the porosity, morphology and shape are all variables and are adjusted to create the best possible product [2]. These products are also affected by the technique used for the production (here electrospinning- electric field, flow rate etc.). Environment and solution used to be the other two affecting parameters. There are a lot of correlations to be taken care of before finalising the nanofiber structure.

As of now, we have an idea of what electrospun nanofibers are, however why these fibres are important is still a mystery to solve. With some basic knowledge of biology in earlier classes, we have concluded that staying away or preventing contact with microorganisms can reduce a lot of biological stress in our body. In short, using antimicrobials is a good option when it is available. Thus, Electro spun nanofibers when incorporate antimicrobial properties, become a great deal of interest even to common population e.g., electro spun nanofibers with essential oils (to prevent the side effect from synthetic compounds) [4], Electro spun nanofibers of zein and PVA have been proposed as carriers and stabilisers of epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) [5]. There are few studies on the incorporation and release profile of a drug loaded in biodegradable electro spun nanofibrous membranes, based on the drug-polymer interactions, on top of its ability to hinder bacterial growth. A polymer blend composed of/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/ poly (lactic acid) (PLA), loaded with different. Cloxacillin (CLOX) contents were fruitfully produced by using electrospinning technique (as shown in the following **Figure 1**) [6]. The confirmation for the encapsulation of drug was done using characterisation techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect was measured by the pH when the drug (20% of CLOX) was released (antibacterial activity).

Along with antimicrobials, these nanofibers can possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well. Such properties tend to degrade in terms of effect when not incorporated properly but with a controlled release, this degradation can be avoided [5]. A detailed description of this technique, usage and the flaws will be discussed in the later part of this chapter.
