**3.2 Analysis of variance**

Analysis was performed to find the effects of PMs on the diameter of BF nanofibers. Correction factor, CF (to calculate the sum of squares of PMs) was evaluated using relationship (7).

#### *3.2.1 Correction factor (CF)*

For diameter (nm), the correction factor (CF) was calculated as

$$CF = \frac{\left(\Sigma X\right)^2}{n} = \frac{\left(4085.5\right)^2}{16} \cong 1043207\tag{7}$$

*MSerror* ¼ *SSerror=Verror* ¼ 21 (10)

) rate of feed, (KV) high potential power supply and

), (I) - Interaction between high potential power supply (KV)

) and high potential power supply (KV), *AD* -Interaction

), high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the

*Y T*ð Þ¼ *<sup>n</sup> β*<sup>0</sup> þ *β*1*T*<sup>1</sup> þ *β*2*T*<sup>2</sup> þ *β*3*T*<sup>3</sup> þ … þ *βnTn* þ *η* (11)

<sup>16</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>255</sup>*:*<sup>344</sup>

), high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resis-

), *CD* - Interaction between high potential

) rate

) and high potential power supply

).

), high potential power

) and high potential

) and solution's resistance to

Where, representation of the number of errors was done by *Verror*, and in our case it was one. Now, ratio which was calculated, using the *F*-distribution Table, which was *F* esteemed for 95 percent degree of certainty as 7.71 and further inferred that the diameter relies on factors: (a) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

of feed and (KV) high potential power supply, (b) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (c) D-Solution's resistance to the flow

(KV), (e) - Connection between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power

supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (g) - Interaction between

solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (h) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm)

) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (k) - High potential power supply

Every process parameter here has two levels such as low (�) and high (+) levels and a degree of freedom (DOF), in this way we utilized a common regression model to compute the minimum diameter of NFs based on the effects of interactions such as *β*1, *β*2, *β*3, *β*4, *β*5, *β*6, *β*7, *β*8, *β*<sup>9</sup> and *β*<sup>10</sup> (in terms of contributions of interactions between *ABC*-Interaction between spinning gap (cm), rate of discharge of poly-

between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *BC* - Interac-

power supply (KV), *AC* -Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power supply (KV), *BCD* - Interaction between rate of discharge of polymeric

flow (cP), *ABCD* - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), rate of discharge of

tance to the flow (cP), *AB* -Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and rate of

power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *BD*-Interaction

terms of contributions of *D* - Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *C* - High potential power supply (KV), *A* -Spinning gap (cm), and *B* - rate of discharge of

the flow (cP), respectively) as well as the main effects such as *β*3, *β*11, *β*12, and *β*<sup>13</sup> (in

), respectively), in Eq. (11).

*<sup>N</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>4085</sup>*:*<sup>5</sup>

Furthermore, the influence of each process parameter, *P*, was computed using the relationship, *YP* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>Y</sup><sup>P</sup>*<sup>þ</sup> � *<sup>Y</sup> <sup>p</sup>*�, where *<sup>Y</sup><sup>P</sup>*<sup>þ</sup> and *<sup>Y</sup> <sup>p</sup>*� stand for the sum of all mean diameters prepared at low (�) and high (+) levels, respectively, for the particular

and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (j) - Interaction between rate of feed

(cP), (d) - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

*An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

spinning gap (cm), (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

and rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

**3.3 Regression analysis**

meric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

Where,

**105**

discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

(ml h�<sup>1</sup>

supply (KV), (f) - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

(KV), (l) A - spinning gap (cm), and (m) - Rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

tion between rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

between rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

*<sup>β</sup>*<sup>0</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>X</sup>*<sup>N</sup>*

*i*¼1 *Yi*

Where the gross total of observed diameters Σ*X* and the number of iterations *n*, was 16.

The effect of the factors can be assessed using Eq. (8).

$$\frac{\left[\Sigma Y\_{low}\right]^2}{n} + \frac{\left[\Sigma Y\_{high}\right]^2}{n} - \text{CF} \tag{8}$$

Where *Y* is an input variable such as the spinning gap (A), *Yhigh* and *Ylow* represents the aggregate of all mean diameters synthesized at low (�)and high (+) levels, individually, for the specific info variable with each whole assumed control over the high and low estimations of different factors. The mean diameters for the low (�) and high (+) levels of PMs were taken from **Table 2** [1, 69, 70].

1. Sum of squares, spinning gap variable (cm),*SSA*

$$\begin{split} & \frac{\left[\Sigma A\_{low}\right]^2}{n} + \frac{\left[\Sigma A\_{high}\right]}{n} - CF \\ &= \frac{\left[205 + 270 + 260 + 147 + 287 + 375 + 308 + 235\right]^2}{8} \\ &+ \frac{\left[181 + 280 + 254 + 286 + 288 + 206 + 229.5 + 274\right]^2}{8} - 1043207 \\ &= 489.5 \end{split}$$

The sum of the square of any interaction was assessed using Eq. (9).

$$\frac{\left[\Sigma AB\_{low}\right]^2}{n} + \frac{\left[\Sigma AB\_{high}\right]^2}{n} - CF \tag{9}$$

For any interaction such as AB, the *SSAB* was evaluated as follows:

2. Sum of squares for interaction AB, *SSAB*

$$\begin{aligned} & \frac{\left[\Sigma AB\_{low}\right]^2}{n} + \frac{\left[\Sigma = AB\_{high}\right]^2}{n} - CF\\ &= \frac{\left[181 + 270 + 254 + 147 + 288 + 375 + 229.5 + 235\right]^2}{8} + \\ &= \frac{\left[205 + 280 + 260 + 286 + 2870206 + 308 + 274\right]^2}{8} - 1043207\\ &= 1000 \end{aligned}$$

Out of all interactions, the *SSABC* was recorded for its *highest result* around *9925.* The errors were added together and the ratio, *MSerror* was calculated using Eq. (10). *An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

$$\text{MS}\_{error} = \text{SS}\_{error} / V\_{error} = \text{21} \tag{10}$$

Where, representation of the number of errors was done by *Verror*, and in our case it was one. Now, ratio which was calculated, using the *F*-distribution Table, which was *F* esteemed for 95 percent degree of certainty as 7.71 and further inferred that the diameter relies on factors: (a) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) rate of feed and (KV) high potential power supply, (b) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (c) D-Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (d) - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and high potential power supply (KV), (e) - Connection between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power supply (KV), (f) - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (g) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) rate of feed, (KV) high potential power supply and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (h) - Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), (I) - Interaction between high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (j) - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), (k) - High potential power supply (KV), (l) A - spinning gap (cm), and (m) - Rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ).

#### **3.3 Regression analysis**

*3.2.1 Correction factor (CF)*

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

½ � Σ*Alow n*

¼ 489*:*5

½ � Σ*ABlow n*

¼ 1000

**104**

2 þ

2 þ

was 16.

For diameter (nm), the correction factor (CF) was calculated as

*<sup>n</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> ð Þ <sup>4085</sup>*:*<sup>5</sup> <sup>2</sup> 16

Where the gross total of observed diameters Σ*X* and the number of iterations *n*,

Σ*Yhigh n*

2

ffi 1043207 (7)

� *CF* (8)

2

� *CF* (9)

2 þ

<sup>8</sup> � <sup>1043207</sup>

*CF* <sup>¼</sup> ð Þ <sup>Σ</sup>*<sup>X</sup>* <sup>2</sup>

The effect of the factors can be assessed using Eq. (8).

1. Sum of squares, spinning gap variable (cm),*SSA*

*<sup>n</sup>* � *CF*

Σ*Ahigh* 

2. Sum of squares for interaction AB, *SSAB*

Σ ¼ *ABhigh n*

½ � Σ*Ylow n*

2 þ

low (�) and high (+) levels of PMs were taken from **Table 2** [1, 69, 70].

<sup>¼</sup> ½ � <sup>205</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>270</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>260</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>147</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>287</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>375</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>308</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>235</sup> 8

<sup>þ</sup> ½ � <sup>181</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>280</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>254</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>286</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>288</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>206</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>229</sup>*:*<sup>5</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>274</sup> <sup>2</sup>

The sum of the square of any interaction was assessed using Eq. (9).

Σ*ABhigh n*

2

<sup>8</sup> � <sup>1043207</sup>

2 þ

For any interaction such as AB, the *SSAB* was evaluated as follows:

2

<sup>¼</sup> ½ � <sup>181</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>270</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>254</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>147</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>288</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>375</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>229</sup>*:*<sup>5</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>235</sup> 8

½ � <sup>205</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>280</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>260</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>286</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>2870206</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>308</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>274</sup> <sup>2</sup>

� *CF*

Out of all interactions, the *SSABC* was recorded for its *highest result* around *9925.* The errors were added together and the ratio, *MSerror* was calculated using Eq. (10).

½ � Σ*ABlow n*

Where *Y* is an input variable such as the spinning gap (A), *Yhigh* and *Ylow* represents the aggregate of all mean diameters synthesized at low (�)and high (+) levels, individually, for the specific info variable with each whole assumed control over the high and low estimations of different factors. The mean diameters for the

> Every process parameter here has two levels such as low (�) and high (+) levels and a degree of freedom (DOF), in this way we utilized a common regression model to compute the minimum diameter of NFs based on the effects of interactions such as *β*1, *β*2, *β*3, *β*4, *β*5, *β*6, *β*7, *β*8, *β*<sup>9</sup> and *β*<sup>10</sup> (in terms of contributions of interactions between *ABC*-Interaction between spinning gap (cm), rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and high potential power supply (KV), *AD* -Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *BC* - Interaction between rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and high potential power supply (KV), *AC* -Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power supply (KV), *BCD* - Interaction between rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *ABCD* - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *AB* -Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), *CD* - Interaction between high potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *BD*-Interaction between rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), respectively) as well as the main effects such as *β*3, *β*11, *β*12, and *β*<sup>13</sup> (in terms of contributions of *D* - Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), *C* - High potential power supply (KV), *A* -Spinning gap (cm), and *B* - rate of discharge of polymeric solution (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), respectively), in Eq. (11).

$$Y(T\_n) = \beta\_0 + \beta\_1 T\_1 + \beta\_2 T\_2 + \beta\_3 T\_3 + \dots + \beta\_n T\_n + \eta \tag{11}$$

Where,

$$\beta\_0 = \sum\_{i=1}^{N} \frac{Y\_i}{N} = \frac{4085.5}{16} = 255.344$$

Furthermore, the influence of each process parameter, *P*, was computed using the relationship, *YP* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>Y</sup><sup>P</sup>*<sup>þ</sup> � *<sup>Y</sup> <sup>p</sup>*�, where *<sup>Y</sup><sup>P</sup>*<sup>þ</sup> and *<sup>Y</sup> <sup>p</sup>*� stand for the sum of all mean diameters prepared at low (�) and high (+) levels, respectively, for the particular

input variable. The results of the corresponding mean diameters for the low (�) and high (+) levels of the particular process parameter were taken from **Table 2**.

Therefore, the percentage contribution for *ABC* = 9925 ð *=*41257*:*5Þ � 100 ¼ 24.

*<sup>β</sup>*<sup>1</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup> � The influence of the interaction, ABC¼ 25.

The general form of the regression equation was formulated and shown in Eq. (12). Using Eq. (12), the minimum diameter of curcumin/gelatin (Cc/G) NFs (nm) for sustained release of Cc could be evaluated after determination of the coefficients (such as *β*1, *β*2, *β*3, *β*4, *β*5, *β*6, *β*7, *β*8, *β*<sup>9</sup> and *β*10) of the interaction effect (such as *XABC*, *XAD*,*XBC*, *XAC*,*XBCD*, *XABCD*, *XAB*,*XCD* and *XBD*) as well as the coefficients (such as *β*3, *β*11, *β*12, and *β*13) of the basic PMs (such as *XD*,*XC*, *XA*, and *XB*).

$$\text{Diameter (nm)} = 255.344 + 25X\_{ABC} - 20.5X\_{AD} + 20X\_D - 17.75X\_{BC} + 17.25X\_{AC} + 13X\_{BCD} \tag{12}$$

$$+ 12X\_{ABCD} + 8X\_{AB} - 7.5Y\_{CD} - 6.5X\_{BD} - 6X\_C - 5.5X\_A + 3.75X\_B \tag{12}$$

The above model Eq. (12) was valid for the boundary conditions such as (a) 10≤*XA* ≤15 (cm), (b) 0*:*10≤*XB* ≤0*:*15 (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), (c) 10≤*Xc* ≤15 (KV), (d)65 ≤*XD* ≤70 (cP).

The mean diameters (nm) of Cc/G NFs were varied with respect to PMs as shown in **Figure 5(a)**. It was observed that (a) with an increase in spinning gap (cm), and high potential power supply (KV), the mean diameters (nm) of BF - NFs were reduced; and (b) with the increase in the rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ), and the solution's resistance to the flow (cP), the mean diameters (nm) of the NFs were increased. The influence of ABC - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and high potential power supply (KV), AD - Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), D-Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), BC - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup> ) and high potential power supply (KV), and AC - Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power supply (KV) were quite significant.

The contour plots (2D plots) of the mean diameters of NFs with respect to basic PMs were shown in **Figure 5(b)** and **(d)** [1]. **Figure 5(c)** and **(e)** [1] show the fitted model's predicted 3D response surface plots of the mean diameters (nm) of Cc/G NFs formed. The contributions of ABC-Interaction between spinning gap (cm), feed rate (mL/h), and power supply (KV), AD-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), D-Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), BC-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and power supply (KV), and AC-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and power supply (KV) had significant effects of 24 percent, 15.5 percent, 12 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively, over the preparation of Cc/G NFs with minimum diameters. **Figure 5(f)** shows the optimized parameter settings. Shifting the red lines to find the optimum results of PMs within the range may be used to estimate the effects of important PMs on the mean diameter (nm) of Cc/G NFs. The composite desirability, D, in our case is 0.8129, which is similar to 1. The current response results are represented by the horizontal blue line (**Figure 5(f)**).

The mean diameter of UT - Cc/G NFs was predicted to be 189.6563 nm using a configured setting of 1.5 percent G and 1 percent Cc in 10 mL of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, with an electrospining unit with a power supply of 10 KV, a spinning gap from the emitter to collector drum of 15 cm, a feed rate of 0.1 mL/h, a solution's resistance to the flow of 65 cP, and a drum collector speed of 1000 rpm. The SEM image of Cc/G NFs with an mean diameter of 181 nm (181 � 66 nm) synthesized under similar conditions using the same solution was shown in **Figure 4(b)**. As a result, the approximate diameter (nm) of Cc/G NFs in

**Figure 5.**

**107**

*optimized setting of PMs for synthesis of UT - NFs.*

*An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

*Electrospining PMs optimization (reprinted with permission from ref. 1. Copyright 2020 IOP publishing). (a) Mean diameters of NFs versus PMs. (b), (d) two dimensional contour plots for mean diameter of NFs with respect to PMs. (c), (e) three dimensional plots for mean diameter of NFs with respect to PMs. (f) the study of*

*An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

input variable. The results of the corresponding mean diameters for the low (�) and high (+) levels of the particular process parameter were taken from **Table 2**.

Therefore, the percentage contribution for *ABC* = 9925 ð *=*41257*:*5Þ � 100 ¼ 24.

Diameter ðnmÞ ¼ 255*:*344 þ 25*XABC* � 20*:*5*XAD* þ 20*XD* � 17*:*75*XBC* þ 17*:*25*XAC* þ 13*XBCD*

The above model Eq. (12) was valid for the boundary conditions such as (a)

The mean diameters (nm) of Cc/G NFs were varied with respect to PMs as shown in **Figure 5(a)**. It was observed that (a) with an increase in spinning gap (cm), and high potential power supply (KV), the mean diameters (nm) of BF - NFs

solution's resistance to the flow (cP), the mean diameters (nm) of the NFs were increased. The influence of ABC - Interaction between spinning gap (cm), rate of

power supply (KV), and AC - Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and high

spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), D-Solution's resistance

The contour plots (2D plots) of the mean diameters of NFs with respect to basic PMs were shown in **Figure 5(b)** and **(d)** [1]. **Figure 5(c)** and **(e)** [1] show the fitted model's predicted 3D response surface plots of the mean diameters (nm) of Cc/G NFs formed. The contributions of ABC-Interaction between spinning gap (cm), feed rate (mL/h), and power supply (KV), AD-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), D-Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), BC-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and power supply (KV), and AC-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and power supply (KV) had significant effects of 24 percent, 15.5 percent, 12 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively, over the preparation of Cc/G NFs with minimum diameters. **Figure 5(f)** shows the optimized parameter settings. Shifting the red lines to find the optimum results of PMs within the range may be used to estimate the effects of important PMs on the mean diameter (nm) of Cc/G NFs. The composite desirability, D, in our case is 0.8129, which is similar to 1. The current response results are represented by the

The mean diameter of UT - Cc/G NFs was predicted to be 189.6563 nm using a

concentrated methanoic acid, with an electrospining unit with a power supply of 10 KV, a spinning gap from the emitter to collector drum of 15 cm, a feed rate of 0.1 mL/h, a solution's resistance to the flow of 65 cP, and a drum collector speed of

configured setting of 1.5 percent G and 1 percent Cc in 10 mL of 98 percent

1000 rpm. The SEM image of Cc/G NFs with an mean diameter of 181 nm (181 � 66 nm) synthesized under similar conditions using the same solution was shown in **Figure 4(b)**. As a result, the approximate diameter (nm) of Cc/G NFs in

) and high potential power supply (KV), AD - Interaction between

were reduced; and (b) with the increase in the rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

to the flow (cP), BC - Interaction between rate of feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

potential power supply (KV) were quite significant.

horizontal blue line (**Figure 5(f)**).

þ11*XABCD* þ 8*XAB* � 7*:*5*VCD* � 6*:*5*XBD* � 6*XC* � 5*:*5*XA* þ 3*:*75*XB*

), (c) 10≤*Xc* ≤15 (KV),

(12)

), and the

) and high potential

The general form of the regression equation was formulated and shown in Eq. (12). Using Eq. (12), the minimum diameter of curcumin/gelatin (Cc/G) NFs (nm) for sustained release of Cc could be evaluated after determination of the coefficients (such as *β*1, *β*2, *β*3, *β*4, *β*5, *β*6, *β*7, *β*8, *β*<sup>9</sup> and *β*10) of the interaction effect (such as *XABC*, *XAD*,*XBC*, *XAC*,*XBCD*, *XABCD*, *XAB*,*XCD* and *XBD*) as well as the coefficients (such as *β*3, *β*11, *β*12, and *β*13) of the basic PMs (such as *XD*,*XC*, *XA*, and *XB*).

<sup>2</sup> � The influence of the interaction, ABC¼ 25.

10≤*XA* ≤15 (cm), (b) 0*:*10≤*XB* ≤0*:*15 (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

*<sup>β</sup>*<sup>1</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup>

(d)65 ≤*XD* ≤70 (cP).

feed (ml h�<sup>1</sup>

**106**

#### **Figure 5.**

*Electrospining PMs optimization (reprinted with permission from ref. 1. Copyright 2020 IOP publishing). (a) Mean diameters of NFs versus PMs. (b), (d) two dimensional contour plots for mean diameter of NFs with respect to PMs. (c), (e) three dimensional plots for mean diameter of NFs with respect to PMs. (f) the study of optimized setting of PMs for synthesis of UT - NFs.*

the optimization phase only differs by 8 percent from the prepared diameter, demonstrating the efficacy of the current study. Due to their high surface area to volume ratio in relation to length and diameter, we believe these LWs and UT - NFs with sufficient film porosity could be used in the healing process.

with a solution containing 1.5 percent G and 1 percent Cc in 10 mL of 98 percent

four important PMs on the diameter of the NFs empirically. The MINITAB 17 programme was used to generate the results to investigate the difference in NFs' diameters as a function of input parameters. The differences in NFs diameters with respect to the critical PMs that were observed included (a) a higher spinning gap yielded lower diameters, (b) a higher potential power supply yielded lower diameters, (c) the diameter of the NFs increased with an increase in feed rate, and (d) the diameters of the NFs increased with an increase in solution's resistance to the flow. Using the optimized setting of a solution containing 1.5 percent G and 1 percent Cc in 10 mL of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, and the electrospining machine with a high potential power supply of 15 KV, a spinning gap from the emitter to collector drum of 15 cm, a feed rate of 0.1 mL/h, solution's resistance to the flow of 65 cP, and a drum collector speed of 1000 rpm, the optimum condition for the production of UT - Cc/G NFs with an 189.6563 nm mean diameter was calculated. The approximate mean diameter (nm) of Cc/G NFs in the optimization phase differs by just 8 percent from the prepared mean diameter, i.e., 181 nm

(181 66 nm), demonstrating the efficacy of the current study.

healing).

**109**

Such UT - NFs with sufficient film porosity are not harmful to living tissues in

nature, and it was suggested that they could be used in dressing problematic wounds, such as diabetic chronic ulcers, because they have unique properties, such as a high surface area to volume ratio and light weight, that allow for sustained Cc release during healing. The research paper that has been presented thus far is unique in that it covers (a) the entire ESPNG process (numerical investigations of the mechanism) to improve control over the preparation of UT - NFs, and (b) the applications of NMs (incorporating BF - NFs) that are currently in use. Eventually, the ESPNG PMs were optimized (to obtain UT - NFs) to prepare NMs for BAs such as the healing process (through sustained release of Cc during crucial hours of

We came to the following conclusions after deciding the relative effects of the different ESPNG influences: (a) the effects of ABC-Spinning gap (cm), feed rate (mL/h), and higher potential power supply interaction (KV), AD-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), D-Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), BC-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and high potential power supply (KV), and AC-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power supply (KV) are 24 percent, 16 percent, 15.5 percent, 12 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively, over the preparation of the Cc/G NFs' minimum diameters; (b) BCD-Feed rate (mL/h), high potential power supply (KV), and solution's resistance to the flow interaction (cP), ABCD-Spinning gap (cm), feed rate (mL/h), high potential power supply (KV), and solution's resistance to the flow interaction (cP), AB-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and spinning gap (cm), CD-High potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow interaction (cP), C-High potential power supply (KV), A-Spinning gap (cm), and B-Feed rate (mL/h), BD-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP) have a major influence on the preparation of Cc/G NFs with a minimum diameter; and (c) the diameter (nm) is affected by the ACD-Interaction between spinning gap (cm), high potential power supply (KV), and solution's resistance to the flow (cP) by just 0.05 percent, which is not important. The 2<sup>k</sup> factorial design of the experiment was used to investigate the effects of all

concentrated methanoic acid (**Figure 4(c)** and **Table 2**).

*An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

The optimum conditions for synthesizing the minimum mean diameter (181 66 nm) of UT - Cc/G NFs were achieved (**Figure 4(b)**) in the study, which could be ideal for dressing diabetic chronic ulcers due to its specific properties such as LW, not harmful to living tissues, water absorbent, and fluid affinity.

Using the optimized environment of a polymeric solution, Sharjeel et al. [72] were effective in ESPNG, novel and hybrid polymeric nanofibrous mesh for dressing burn wounds after integrating gabapentin (a neuropathic pain killer) into polyethylene NFs and acetaminophen (a class of analgesics) into sodium alginate NFs (mixed in 80:20 blend proportion). In the healing process, the hybrid mechanism may be a safe option. Sharjeel et al. [73] synthesized ES - polyethylene oxide and chitosan NFs of 116 nm diameter (with a standard deviation of only 21 nm) using the response surface methodology with acetic acid and water (50:50, v/v) as the solvent (each dissolved separately in acetic acid and water solution in a 5 percent weight-to-volume ratio) (the ratio of polyethylene oxide and chitosan in the polymeric solution was 80:20).

#### **4. Future researches**

It is still a challenge to investigate the use of curcumin (Cc) loaded nanofibers (NFs) for efficient drug release during different stages of the healing process. Specific polymers for ES Cc NFs must be chosen based on the types of pharmaceutical to be released and the different stages of the healing process. That being said, the application of cytotoxic chemicals in drug delivery, especially during skin treatment, can negatively impact recent research findings. Current reviews of Cc in NFs have revealed a new area of research for the development of possible biomaterials for use in bone tissue science and medicine, diabetic chronic ulcer treatment, cancer treatment, and other applications [74–77].

#### **5. Conclusion**

Our analysis of Cc-based electrospun (ES) NFs underlines the importance, such as the relevance and need for BF - NFs and nanofibrous mats (NMs) in healing process, cancer care, tissue science and medicine, and other BAs, to inspire researchers interested in working in this cutting-edge area to solve various BAs with BF - NFs. To ease in the synthesis of UT - Cc/G NFs, the ESPNG mechanism (mathematical investigation of the process) was analyzed in detail in the first paper of the article.

The mechanism behind ESPNG was explored in this study as it was used to prepare curcumin/gelatin (Cc/G) NFs that could be used in the healing process. Gelatin (G) was chosen for the fiber system because it is not harmful to living tissues, as well as being water absorbent (fluid affinity), allowing for a moist healing process in the future. Since gelatin is commercially available at a low cost, it was an obvious option for the current study. The LW-UT and spongy NFs with mean diameter of 147 nm (147 34 nm) were successfully synthesized using ESPNG at a higher power supply, such as 15 KV (at 10 cm distance, 0.15 mL/h feed rate, 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow, and drum collector speed of 1000 rpm)

### *An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

the optimization phase only differs by 8 percent from the prepared diameter, demonstrating the efficacy of the current study. Due to their high surface area to volume ratio in relation to length and diameter, we believe these LWs and UT - NFs

The optimum conditions for synthesizing the minimum mean diameter (181 66 nm) of UT - Cc/G NFs were achieved (**Figure 4(b)**) in the study, which could be ideal for dressing diabetic chronic ulcers due to its specific properties such

Using the optimized environment of a polymeric solution, Sharjeel et al. [72] were effective in ESPNG, novel and hybrid polymeric nanofibrous mesh for dressing burn wounds after integrating gabapentin (a neuropathic pain killer) into polyethylene NFs and acetaminophen (a class of analgesics) into sodium alginate NFs (mixed in 80:20 blend proportion). In the healing process, the hybrid mechanism may be a safe option. Sharjeel et al. [73] synthesized ES - polyethylene oxide and chitosan NFs of 116 nm diameter (with a standard deviation of only 21 nm) using the response surface methodology with acetic acid and water (50:50, v/v) as the solvent (each dissolved separately in acetic acid and water solution in a 5 percent weight-to-volume ratio) (the ratio of polyethylene oxide and chitosan in the poly-

It is still a challenge to investigate the use of curcumin (Cc) loaded nanofibers (NFs) for efficient drug release during different stages of the healing process. Specific polymers for ES Cc NFs must be chosen based on the types of pharmaceutical to be released and the different stages of the healing process. That being said, the application of cytotoxic chemicals in drug delivery, especially during skin treatment, can negatively impact recent research findings. Current reviews of Cc in NFs have revealed a new area of research for the development of possible biomaterials for use in bone tissue science and medicine, diabetic chronic ulcer treatment, cancer

Our analysis of Cc-based electrospun (ES) NFs underlines the importance, such as the relevance and need for BF - NFs and nanofibrous mats (NMs) in healing process, cancer care, tissue science and medicine, and other BAs, to inspire

researchers interested in working in this cutting-edge area to solve various BAs with BF - NFs. To ease in the synthesis of UT - Cc/G NFs, the ESPNG mechanism (mathematical investigation of the process) was analyzed in detail in the first paper

The mechanism behind ESPNG was explored in this study as it was used to prepare curcumin/gelatin (Cc/G) NFs that could be used in the healing process. Gelatin (G) was chosen for the fiber system because it is not harmful to living tissues, as well as being water absorbent (fluid affinity), allowing for a moist healing process in the future. Since gelatin is commercially available at a low cost, it was an obvious option for the current study. The LW-UT and spongy NFs with mean diameter of 147 nm (147 34 nm) were successfully synthesized using ESPNG at a higher power supply, such as 15 KV (at 10 cm distance, 0.15 mL/h feed rate, 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow, and drum collector speed of 1000 rpm)

as LW, not harmful to living tissues, water absorbent, and fluid affinity.

with sufficient film porosity could be used in the healing process.

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

meric solution was 80:20).

**4. Future researches**

**5. Conclusion**

of the article.

**108**

treatment, and other applications [74–77].

with a solution containing 1.5 percent G and 1 percent Cc in 10 mL of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid (**Figure 4(c)** and **Table 2**).

We came to the following conclusions after deciding the relative effects of the different ESPNG influences: (a) the effects of ABC-Spinning gap (cm), feed rate (mL/h), and higher potential power supply interaction (KV), AD-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP), D-Solution's resistance to the flow (cP), BC-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and high potential power supply (KV), and AC-Interaction between spinning gap (cm) and high potential power supply (KV) are 24 percent, 16 percent, 15.5 percent, 12 percent, and 11.5 percent, respectively, over the preparation of the Cc/G NFs' minimum diameters; (b) BCD-Feed rate (mL/h), high potential power supply (KV), and solution's resistance to the flow interaction (cP), ABCD-Spinning gap (cm), feed rate (mL/h), high potential power supply (KV), and solution's resistance to the flow interaction (cP), AB-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and spinning gap (cm), CD-High potential power supply (KV) and solution's resistance to the flow interaction (cP), C-High potential power supply (KV), A-Spinning gap (cm), and B-Feed rate (mL/h), BD-Interaction between feed rate (mL/h) and solution's resistance to the flow (cP) have a major influence on the preparation of Cc/G NFs with a minimum diameter; and (c) the diameter (nm) is affected by the ACD-Interaction between spinning gap (cm), high potential power supply (KV), and solution's resistance to the flow (cP) by just 0.05 percent, which is not important.

The 2<sup>k</sup> factorial design of the experiment was used to investigate the effects of all four important PMs on the diameter of the NFs empirically. The MINITAB 17 programme was used to generate the results to investigate the difference in NFs' diameters as a function of input parameters. The differences in NFs diameters with respect to the critical PMs that were observed included (a) a higher spinning gap yielded lower diameters, (b) a higher potential power supply yielded lower diameters, (c) the diameter of the NFs increased with an increase in feed rate, and (d) the diameters of the NFs increased with an increase in solution's resistance to the flow.

Using the optimized setting of a solution containing 1.5 percent G and 1 percent Cc in 10 mL of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, and the electrospining machine with a high potential power supply of 15 KV, a spinning gap from the emitter to collector drum of 15 cm, a feed rate of 0.1 mL/h, solution's resistance to the flow of 65 cP, and a drum collector speed of 1000 rpm, the optimum condition for the production of UT - Cc/G NFs with an 189.6563 nm mean diameter was calculated. The approximate mean diameter (nm) of Cc/G NFs in the optimization phase differs by just 8 percent from the prepared mean diameter, i.e., 181 nm (181 66 nm), demonstrating the efficacy of the current study.

Such UT - NFs with sufficient film porosity are not harmful to living tissues in nature, and it was suggested that they could be used in dressing problematic wounds, such as diabetic chronic ulcers, because they have unique properties, such as a high surface area to volume ratio and light weight, that allow for sustained Cc release during healing. The research paper that has been presented thus far is unique in that it covers (a) the entire ESPNG process (numerical investigations of the mechanism) to improve control over the preparation of UT - NFs, and (b) the applications of NMs (incorporating BF - NFs) that are currently in use. Eventually, the ESPNG PMs were optimized (to obtain UT - NFs) to prepare NMs for BAs such as the healing process (through sustained release of Cc during crucial hours of healing).

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*
