**2. Electrospinning (ESPNG) of cc/G nanofibers (NFs)**

In the present investigation, we utilized set-up for ESPNG (**Figure 4(a)**). The prominent four parts that were related to the ESPNG – PMs such as spinning gap between the emitter and drum collector, high potential power supply, rate of feed, and solution's resistance to the flow of a polymeric solution (taken in a 2 ml needle syringe). For the ESPNG process, a high potential power supply has been set across the length of the moving cylindrical drum collector (covered with an aluminum sheet) to pull NFs from Taylor's cone formed at the tip of the syringe's needle. The NFs were stretched up from the polymeric solution containing a polar natural solvent and a polymer solute in a definite proportion. After that, these NFs were collected over the moving cylinder which was turned with a speed of around 1000 rpm so that the NFs with UT - diameters could be synthesized across by

*An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

hence the initial result of *z* was equal to zero. Furthermore, PMs were discussed

*R*ð Þ¼ 0 1 *E*ð Þ¼ 0 *E*<sup>0</sup>

> *R*0 0 *R*0 3

*τpzz* ¼ �2*Tprr* (4)

0*K*, where the rate of discharge of the polymeric

*E*<sup>0</sup> is a function of axial position (*z*) and it can be

0 and the formula used for

<sup>0</sup>*<sup>K</sup>* and the surface charge

<sup>0</sup> which was to be used during simula-

as shown using Eq. (5) [67]. The electric

*=Pe* (5)

*=Pe* (6)

*R*0

*πR*<sup>2</sup>

*τprr* ¼ 2*rn*

solution, *Q*, and the conductivity of the liquid solution, *K:* Moreover, the electric

density (*σ*0) was calculated using the formula, *εE*0, where the dielectric constant of

tion of the ESPNG. The viscous stress (*τ*0) was calculated using the formula, *<sup>τ</sup>*<sup>0</sup> <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>η</sup>*0*ν*<sup>0</sup> *<sup>R</sup>*<sup>0</sup> . A Newtonian liquid law of force for the liquid was summed up and for that the

*∂y* � �*<sup>m</sup>*

*dz* <sup>≃</sup> � <sup>2</sup>*<sup>R</sup> dR*

*dz* � �

*d*2 *R*2 *dz*<sup>2</sup> !

The model discussed above so far was found fit for foreseeing the conduct of the

In the present investigation, we utilized set-up for ESPNG (**Figure 4(a)**). The prominent four parts that were related to the ESPNG – PMs such as spinning gap between the emitter and drum collector, high potential power supply, rate of feed, and solution's resistance to the flow of a polymeric solution (taken in a 2 ml needle syringe). For the ESPNG process, a high potential power supply has been set across the length of the moving cylindrical drum collector (covered with an aluminum sheet) to pull NFs from Taylor's cone formed at the tip of the syringe's needle. The NFs were stretched up from the polymeric solution containing a polar natural solvent and a polymer solute in a definite proportion. After that, these NFs were collected over the moving cylinder which was turned with a speed of around 1000 rpm so that the NFs with UT - diameters could be synthesized across by

field will overcome the surface tension of the polymer liquid and thereafter through Taylor's cone NFs will be pulled out and ES over the moving cylinder collector.

*E*0

Here Eq. (4), the radius of the jet initially was 0

field (*E*0) was calculated using the formula, *<sup>E</sup>*<sup>0</sup> <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>I</sup>*

*ε*<sup>0</sup> and the constant was <sup>0</sup>

*d*ð Þ *σR*

*d E*ð Þ *dz* <sup>¼</sup> ln *<sup>χ</sup>*

**2. Electrospinning (ESPNG) of cc/G nanofibers (NFs)**

*πR*<sup>2</sup>

using the set of Eqs. (4) [67, 68].

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

calculating the jet velocity, *<sup>υ</sup>*<sup>0</sup> <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>Q</sup>*

shear pressure (*τ*) was given as *<sup>τ</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>K</sup> <sup>∂</sup><sup>v</sup>*

Furthermore, the response of <sup>0</sup>

shown in Eq. (6) [1, 69, 70].

PMs of the ESPNG [67].

**100**

ambient air was <sup>0</sup>

**Figure 4.**

*The (a) ESPNG set up was used to synthesize (b), and (c) the UT - and BF - Cc/G NFs (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2020 IOP Publishing).*

extending them and adjusting them directly as well as improving their mechanical properties. The four PMs were the spinning gap between the collector and needle's tip, rate of feed, solution's resistance to the flow, and the high potential power supply were considered [1, 69, 70].

diameters of the NFs) synthesized were as per the following: at a high potential power supply such as 15 KV (at 15 cm distance, 0.1 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed and 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing a solution having 1.5 percent G, 1 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, NFs with diameters around 254 nm (254 28 nm) which was quite larger than the 181 nm (181 66 nm) (**Figure 4(b)**) spinning gap across got at 10 KV using similar polymeric solution and keeping PMs at same levels. At a higher rate of feed such as 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> (at 10 cm distance, 15 KV high potential power supply, and 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing a solution having 1.5 percent G, 1 percent cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, the diameter across of NFs were prepared around 147 nm (147 34 nm) (**Figure 4(c)**) which was quite smaller than 260 nm (260 26.5 nm) as the diameter synthesized at 0.1 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed utilizing similar polymeric solution and keeping PMs at same levels. At a higher rate of feed such as 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> (at 15 cm distance, 10 KV power supply, and 70 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing an solution having 2 percent G, 1.2 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, the diameter of NFs were pre-

*An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

pared around 206 nm (206 56 nm) which was smaller than 229.5 nm

similar polymeric solution and keeping PMs at same levels [1, 69, 70].

**3.1 Design of experiments**

**3.2 Analysis of variance**

evaluated using relationship (7).

[1, 69, 70].

**103**

(229.5 60 nm) as the diameter synthesized at 0.1 ml h<sup>1</sup> (at 15 cm distance, 15 KV high potential power supply and 70 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing a similar polymeric solution. For a higher concentration (2 percent G, 1.2 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid), the solution's resistance to the flow was prepared (utilizing a solution's resistance to the flow - measurement set up) to be 70 cP and afterward the diameter of the NFs increased to 235 nm

(235 47 nm) at 10 cm distance, 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed and 15 KV high potential power supply, from 147 nm (147 34 nm) (**Figure 4(c)**) (prepared at 1.5 percent G, 1 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid) at 10 cm distance, 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed, 15 KV high potential power supply and 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow. At a spinning gap between the collector and needle's tip such as 15 cm (0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed, 15 KV high potential power supply, and 70 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing an solution having 2 percent G, 1.2 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, the diameters of NFs were prepared around 274 nm (274 53 nm) which was larger than the 235 nm (235 47 nm) diameter obtained for 10 cm spinning gap utilizing

The 2k factorial design algorithm was run to test the basic variables or PMs such

as the gap between collector and needle's tip, rate of feed, high potential power supply, and solution's resistance to the flow (each changed at two unique levels such as low () and high (+)) [71–73]. Accordingly, the total number of runs or trials were 24 i.e., 16. Each of the 16 examples was inspected under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for characterization of diameters in *nm* (as listed in **Table 2**). A few samples of the Cc/G NFs analyzed under SEM were shown in **Figure 4(b)**, and **(c)**). The UT – spongy NMs were synthesized under all process conditions

Analysis was performed to find the effects of PMs on the diameter of BF nanofibers. Correction factor, CF (to calculate the sum of squares of PMs) was

For synthesizing the BF - NFs parameters were considered. The polymeric solution was prepared after blending 1 percent curcumin (Cc) (0.1 g) with 1.5 percent G (0.15 g) in 10 ml of methanoic acid (98 percent concentrated). Other than that, each other polymeric solution was prepared by mixing 1.2 percent Cc (0.12 g) with 2 percent G (0.2 g) in 10 ml of methanoic acid (98 percent concentrated), both at room temperature. The examinations were done at room temperature, in encompassing air which had moisture around 80 percent.

The synthesis of NFs was done by varying the spinning gap between the tip of the needle (10 cm and 15 cm), the rate of feed (0.1 ml h�<sup>1</sup> and 0.15 ml h � 1), the possible high potential power supply (15 KV and 20 KV), and the solution's resistance to the flow (65 cP and 70 cP, on account of the additional substances obsessions). For 48 hours, the mats were dried at room temperature to completely remove the methanoic acid. The diameters of the NFs were then examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (**Figure 4(b)**, and **(c)**).

#### **3. The electrospun (ES) cc/G nanofibers (NFs): a state-of-the-art review**


The diameter (nm) of the NFs was synthesized during the process of electro spinning measures (**Table 2**). The differences in the outcomes (as far as the

#### **Table 2.**

*The effect of PMs on diameters of cc/G NFs (reprinted with permission from ref. 1. Copyright 2020 IOP publishing).*

#### *An Insight into Biofunctional Curcumin/Gelatin Nanofibers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97113*

extending them and adjusting them directly as well as improving their mechanical properties. The four PMs were the spinning gap between the collector and needle's tip, rate of feed, solution's resistance to the flow, and the high potential power

For synthesizing the BF - NFs parameters were considered. The polymeric solution was prepared after blending 1 percent curcumin (Cc) (0.1 g) with 1.5 percent G (0.15 g) in 10 ml of methanoic acid (98 percent concentrated). Other than that, each other polymeric solution was prepared by mixing 1.2 percent Cc (0.12 g) with 2 percent G (0.2 g) in 10 ml of methanoic acid (98 percent concentrated), both at room temperature. The examinations were done at room tempera-

The synthesis of NFs was done by varying the spinning gap between the tip of the needle (10 cm and 15 cm), the rate of feed (0.1 ml h�<sup>1</sup> and 0.15 ml h � 1), the possible high potential power supply (15 KV and 20 KV), and the solution's resistance to the flow (65 cP and 70 cP, on account of the additional substances obsessions). For 48 hours, the mats were dried at room temperature to completely remove the methanoic acid. The diameters of the NFs were then examined using

**3. The electrospun (ES) cc/G nanofibers (NFs): a state-of-the-art review**

The diameter (nm) of the NFs was synthesized during the process of electro spinning measures (**Table 2**). The differences in the outcomes (as far as the

> **Solution's resistance to the flow (cP) D**

**Mean Diameter (nm)**

*Total*P*<sup>X</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>4085</sup>*:*<sup>5</sup>

**High potential power supply (KV) C**

1 Low - 10 Low - 0.1 Low - 10 Low - 65 *205* � *22.5* 2 High - 15 Low - 0.1 Low - 10 Low - 65 *181* � *66* 3 Low - 10 High - 0.15 Low - 10 Low - 65 *270* � *16* 4 High - 15 High - 0.15 Low - 10 Low - 65 *280* � *20* 5 Low - 10 Low - 0.1 High - 15 Low - 65 *260* � *26.5* 6 High - 15 Low - 0.1 High - 15 Low - 65 *254* � *28* 7 Low - 10 High - 0.15 High - 15 Low - 65 *147* � *34* 8 High - 15 High - 0.15 High - 15 Low - 65 *286* � *31* 9 Low - 10 Low - 0.1 Low - 10 High - 70 *287* � *77* 10 High - 15 Low - 0.1 Low - 10 High - 70 *288* � *57* 11 Low - 10 High - 0.15 Low - 10 High - 70 *375* � *96* 12 High - 15 High - 0.15 Low - 10 High - 70 *206* � *56* 13 Low - 10 Low - 0.1 High - 15 High - 70 *308* � *74* 14 High - 15 Low - 0.1 High - 15 High - 70 *229.5* � *60* 15 Low - 10 High - 0.15 High - 15 High - 15 *235* � *47* 16 High - 15 High - 0.15 High - 15 High - 70 *274* � *53*

*The effect of PMs on diameters of cc/G NFs (reprinted with permission from ref. 1. Copyright 2020 IOP*

ture, in encompassing air which had moisture around 80 percent.

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (**Figure 4(b)**, and **(c)**).

**Feed Rate (ml/h) B**

supply were considered [1, 69, 70].

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

**Runs Spinning gap (cm) A**

**Table 2.**

**102**

*publishing).*

diameters of the NFs) synthesized were as per the following: at a high potential power supply such as 15 KV (at 15 cm distance, 0.1 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed and 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing a solution having 1.5 percent G, 1 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, NFs with diameters around 254 nm (254 28 nm) which was quite larger than the 181 nm (181 66 nm) (**Figure 4(b)**) spinning gap across got at 10 KV using similar polymeric solution and keeping PMs at same levels. At a higher rate of feed such as 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> (at 10 cm distance, 15 KV high potential power supply, and 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing a solution having 1.5 percent G, 1 percent cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, the diameter across of NFs were prepared around 147 nm (147 34 nm) (**Figure 4(c)**) which was quite smaller than 260 nm (260 26.5 nm) as the diameter synthesized at 0.1 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed utilizing similar polymeric solution and keeping PMs at same levels. At a higher rate of feed such as 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> (at 15 cm distance, 10 KV power supply, and 70 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing an solution having 2 percent G, 1.2 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, the diameter of NFs were prepared around 206 nm (206 56 nm) which was smaller than 229.5 nm (229.5 60 nm) as the diameter synthesized at 0.1 ml h<sup>1</sup> (at 15 cm distance, 15 KV high potential power supply and 70 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing a similar polymeric solution. For a higher concentration (2 percent G, 1.2 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid), the solution's resistance to the flow was prepared (utilizing a solution's resistance to the flow - measurement set up) to be 70 cP and afterward the diameter of the NFs increased to 235 nm (235 47 nm) at 10 cm distance, 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed and 15 KV high potential power supply, from 147 nm (147 34 nm) (**Figure 4(c)**) (prepared at 1.5 percent G, 1 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid) at 10 cm distance, 0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed, 15 KV high potential power supply and 65 cP solution's resistance to the flow. At a spinning gap between the collector and needle's tip such as 15 cm (0.15 ml h<sup>1</sup> rate of feed, 15 KV high potential power supply, and 70 cP solution's resistance to the flow) utilizing an solution having 2 percent G, 1.2 percent Cc in 10 ml of 98 percent concentrated methanoic acid, the diameters of NFs were prepared around 274 nm (274 53 nm) which was larger than the 235 nm (235 47 nm) diameter obtained for 10 cm spinning gap utilizing similar polymeric solution and keeping PMs at same levels [1, 69, 70].

### **3.1 Design of experiments**

The 2k factorial design algorithm was run to test the basic variables or PMs such as the gap between collector and needle's tip, rate of feed, high potential power supply, and solution's resistance to the flow (each changed at two unique levels such as low () and high (+)) [71–73]. Accordingly, the total number of runs or trials were 24 i.e., 16. Each of the 16 examples was inspected under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for characterization of diameters in *nm* (as listed in **Table 2**). A few samples of the Cc/G NFs analyzed under SEM were shown in **Figure 4(b)**, and **(c)**). The UT – spongy NMs were synthesized under all process conditions [1, 69, 70].
