**6. Conclusion**

*Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications*

*Atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor. Adapted from Ref. [43].*

energy research material fabrications. ALD method has been a useful tool for the

ALD process generally consists of sequential alternating pulses of gaseous chemical precursors that react with the substrate, these individual gas-surface reactions called 'half-reactions' and appropriately make up only part of the materials synthesis. During each half-reaction, the precursor is pulsed into a compartment under vacuum (< 1 Torr) over a selected extent of time to allow the precursor to fully react with the substrate surface through a self-limiting process that leaves no more than one monolayer at the surface [44, 45]. Then, the chamber is purged with an inert carrier gas (typically N2 or Ar) to remove any unreacted precursor or reaction by-products.

deposition of ultrathin-layered semiconductors on conductive substrate.

*2–5 are repeated until the desired material thickness is achieved. Adapted from Ref. [45].*

*Schematic illustration of ALD process schematic of ALD process. (a) Substrate surface has natural functionalization or is treated to functionalize the surface. (b) Precursor a is pulsed and reacts with surface. (c) Excess precursor and reaction by-products are purged with inert carrier gas. (d) Precursor B is pulsed and reacts with surface. (e) Excess precursor and reaction by-products are purged with inert carrier gas. (f) Steps* 

**172**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 7.**

The interdigitated electrode is reported as cost effective method for prototyping gas, chemical and bio sensor and the method is widely used for laboratory research purpose. State of the art techniques such high tech semiconductor deposition instruments, photolithography and electron beam lithography are used for commercial sensors built with printed electronics and Lab-on-a chip. Electrospinning method is highly important in the fabrication of micro and nano porous fibers for the manufacturing of membranes and battery devices. This method has also been identified for designing anode materials suitable for lithium ion battery fabrication. Atomic layer deposition is useful for producing ultrathin layer-layered semiconductors with inherent properties necessary for efficient energy capturing. This deposition technique is very useful in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and related devices for effective separation electrons and holes in photo-electrode.
