**2.3 Antifungal applications**

The efficacy of AgNPs compared to free silver against a wide range is mostly found in fungi like *Aspergillus, Candid*a, and *Saccharomyces,* and it is as fungicide properties also reported by [32]. Antifungal action of AgNPs in conjunction with heterocyclic compounds like Pyrazolo, thiazolidine, tetrazole, phthalazine, and pyridazine derivatives have been tested against *Aspergillus falvu*s and *C. albicans.* Results have reported enhanced antifungal efficacy of AgNPs combined with heterocyclic compounds in contrast to heterocyclic compounds alone. AgNP antifungal properties against commonly found fungal strains and recorded MIC of AgNPs vs. *Candida albicans, Candida glabrata* varied from 0.4 to 3.3 μg/ml. Additionally, emerging viral diseases are the main threat to human and veterinary sector. **However, AgNPs have established tremendous attention for their antimicrobial properties, but the antiviral properties for AgNPs remain an unexplored** 


**223**

**Figure 3.**

*Silver Nanoparticles in Various New Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96105*

**and influenza at a certain stage.**

sensors in the food sector [36].

**3. Food and personal care industry**

**area. Therefore, a new, unique and develop technique needed to overcome the problem of antiviral resistance. As a result of their possible antiviral efficacy, AgNPs are emerging as a better approach to treating viral infections in HIV-1** 

AgNPs in the food industry, [33] reported for antibacterial and conservationfree action, are commonly used. Most viruses and bacteria are harmless for humans but lethal, so they are used for sanitising food and drink every day, and they are immune to drug infections. Nanosilver fresh food bag is one of the bags that are ready for sale on the market. Because of its anti-fungicidal and anti-bactericidal activity, AgNPs are commonly used in everyday goods such as soap, fruit, plastics and pastes. Nano-based smart and active foods provide many advantages over standard packaging approaches to increase mechanical efficiency, barrier properties and antimicrobial films for nano-sensitive pathogens identification and alert customers to food protection [34]. "Active content" nanocomposites for packaging and material food packaging may also be strengthened with coating. Many researchers are aware of and important to organic compounds' antimicrobial characteristics, such as essential oils, organic acids and bacteriocins as an antimicrobial packaging, polymeric matrices. However, these compounds cannot be used for different processing phases in food susceptible to physical environments that require high temperature and pressure. Inorganic nanoparticles' use makes it possible to obtain good antibacterial activity in low concentrations and become more soluble under intense conditions. It is also noteworthy that these nanoparticles are recently used in antimicrobial food packaging [35]. Control of food quality has become a global, very common problem. AgNPs have unique physicochemical properties that can be used to produce, package and store food. AgNPs could additionally develop into detectors that are capable of recognising or responding to changes in environmental conditions, such as molecular contaminants, microbial quality organisms, gases. Another popular method used is electrochemical detection based on nanomaterial

AgNPs had been added into skincare (**Figure 3**), body wash, cosmetics, deodorants, and others with the advancement of personal care technology. This had urbanised the use as antibacterial agents of AgNPs. AgNPs are added as an antiseptic into personal care products for skin problems. Interestingly, AgNPs also have been incorporated in make-up remover cloth, textiles, gloves, bath towels and cleaning fabrics. Such an application's relevance is silver's natural ability to remove

*AgNPs image with 20 nm diameter under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in a skincare product.*

#### **Table 1.**

*The application of silver nanoparticles used as pathogen control in aquaculture.*

*Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications*

nanoparticles as disease control in aquaculture (**Table 1**).

**AgNPs characteristics Microorganisms Results**

*sp.*

Nanocid® *Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus* 

**2.3 Antifungal applications**

Commercial nanoparticles of Al2O3, Fe3O4, CeO2, ZrO2,

Nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO,Ag, TiO2

Synthesised nanoparticles with leaves of *Mangifera indica*, *Eucalytus terticonis, Carica papaya* and *Musa paradisiaca* plants

Synthesised AgNPs with *Boerhaavia diffusa*

MgO,

and *Aphanomyces* parasites, anti-parasitic and antifungal impact. The findings revealed that the fish recovered after three days without any toxic impact on the use of AgNPs [31]. Much research has been done to prove the effectiveness of silver

The efficacy of AgNPs compared to free silver against a wide range is mostly found in fungi like *Aspergillus, Candid*a, and *Saccharomyces,* and it is as fungicide properties also reported by [32]. Antifungal action of AgNPs in conjunction with heterocyclic compounds like Pyrazolo, thiazolidine, tetrazole, phthalazine, and pyridazine derivatives have been tested against *Aspergillus falvu*s and *C. albicans.* Results have reported enhanced antifungal efficacy of AgNPs combined with heterocyclic compounds in contrast to heterocyclic compounds alone. AgNP antifungal properties against commonly found fungal strains and recorded MIC of AgNPs vs. *Candida albicans, Candida glabrata* varied from 0.4 to 3.3 μg/ml. Additionally, emerging viral diseases are the main threat to human and veterinary sector. **However, AgNPs have established tremendous attention for their antimicrobial properties, but the antiviral properties for AgNPs remain an unexplored** 

AgNPs with chitosan *Aliviibrio salmonicida* MIC, 50 μg mL−1 and 2-(3-cyano-

*Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis,Vibrio harveyi,Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Serratia* 

*garvieae, Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila*

*Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium*

*branchiophilum, Vibrio spp* 

*aureus, Bacillus cereus and* 

*A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens and* 

*F.branchiophilum.*

*The application of silver nanoparticles used as pathogen control in aquaculture.*

*Staphylococcus*

*Citrobacter spp.*

phenyl)-1H-Benzimidazole (MCB),

The CeO2 Naps show higher antibacterialthe effect when 10 μg mL-1 concentration wasused.

*S. iniae* MBC of 5 to 0.15 μg mL−1, *L.garvieace* MBC of 10 μg mL−1 to 0.62 μg mL−1, *A. hydrophila* MBC of 0.31 μg mL−1 to <0.15 μg mL−1, *Y. ruckeri* MBCs of 2.5 to 0.62 μg mL−1

Show antibacterial effect in tested

*papaya* show antimicrobial activity with 153.6 μg mL−1 concentration.

AgNPs concentration (50 μg mL−1) was demonstrated higher zones of inhibition (15 mm) for *F. ranchiophylum*, 14 mm for *A. hydrophilla* and (12 mm) for *P.* 

100 μg mL−1

strains.

*Aeromonas hydrophila* Synthesised nanoparticles with *Carica* 

*fluorescen.*

**222**

**Table 1.**

**area. Therefore, a new, unique and develop technique needed to overcome the problem of antiviral resistance. As a result of their possible antiviral efficacy, AgNPs are emerging as a better approach to treating viral infections in HIV-1 and influenza at a certain stage.**
