Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts against COVID 19

*Lyubomir Lazov, Risham Singh Ghalot and Edmunds Teirumnieks*

## **Abstract**

Silver has been an influential segment of pharmaceutical utilization for remedies & hygiene in the latest era. The first topic reviews the study on air sanitization ventilation & air sanitizer systems using laser ablated silver nanoparticles (inspired by 2020 Pandemic) directing to contamination of deadly biological particles. Intention of this investigation is to validate possible antiviral silver nanoparticles construction to be distributed by retention, to abate the aggravation of breathing organs flu. The underlying description of investigation consists of bibliometric reasoning of the review of the outcome of silver nanoparticles on the sterilization of viral ailments. The investigation will deliberate the approach of use of laser ablated silver nanoparticles for anti-actions. The chapter outcomes in the fascinating utilization of silver nanoparticles for pharmaceutical purposes for contagious diseases, viruses or bacteria and devotes to the upgradation of therapeutic education to safeguard health care workers from threatening viruses at therapeutic organizations. Morally, the investigation will obtain a hygienic scheme, which might be installed at every communal or individual places cost-effectively including silver nanoparticles (because of their therapeutic properties). The second section of investigation considers distinct techniques for manufacturing silver nanoparticles. The various schemes have been compared based on their pros & cons. The method of laser ablation for generating nanoparticles underwater is briefed. The intention of this part is to disclose the current & anticipation probabilities of the process - laser ablation, as a profitable and eco-favorable innovation for manufacturing silver nanoparticle in liquid solutions. The chapter is motivated by two of our reviewed papers i.e., "*Antibacterial and anti-viral effects of silver nanoparticles in medicine against covid 19"* and "*Methods for obtaining silver nanoparticles*".

**Keywords:** Air disinfectant, Air filters, Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, COVID-19, Laser Ablation, Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid, Silver nanoparticles

#### **1. Introduction**

The 2020 circumstances of COVID -19 pandemic, health & sanitization issues in communal buildings have increased recently. Infectious diseases resulted with the Corona Virus expansion were dominating challenge to humanity. That is why innovation into advance strain of practical sterilization strategies is the priority.

Disinfectants are reagents used to coat surfaces to reach out for microbes that either contaminate or eradicate them. Reagents are mostly used for the sanitization of diverse facades in communal premises and medical equipment. Disinfectants used in daily life can be handy to keep interacting surfaces clean by destroying biological microorganism on them and still pose no threat to human lives. Also, sterilizers must have a plentiful quantity for repeated utilization in short periods [1].

Presently, synthetic segments & oxidants like aldehydes, alcohols & sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxides, iodine, and others, respectively, are favorably used for sanitization processes. In some events, these elements present numerous cons like metal corrosion, resistance to various bacteria, as well as other unfavorable environmental effects.

With the invention & promising features of nanomaterials, a wide range of options have been disclosed to overwhelming flaws. As interpreted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), "nanomaterials" are somewhat material particles of diameter varying between 1 nm & 100 nm. In present-day, distinct material nanoparticles are favorably utilized as efficient sanitizers. The preeminent attempts of scientists from nanotechnology, at the present day, are concentrated on enhancing their physiochemical features & increasing the results of their sanitizing ramification on emerging or modified viruses. Distinct nanoparticles of metals like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), are now strongly preferred as antiseptics.

Products based on Ag ions and its other antimicrobial works are known since 1000 BC. They were commonly adopted by the archaic Indians in food & medicinal products as a remedy [2].

Antimicrobial effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) are generally well-known, but with Ag NPs onset, its beneficial properties have raised undoubtedly. This is briefed by the advanced physicochemical features that Ag NPs consists of. With a higher


**109**

viruses [17].

**Figure 1.**

**2. Silver nanoparticles**

*Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts…*

surface/volume, ratio they have a great synergy with microbe surfaces and leads to great antimicrobial safety. The size, shape of Ag NPs portrays a vital aspect in this mechanism. These physiochemical features of Ag NPs are necessary and compatible

These substantial physiochemical features of Ag NPs are also universally accepted in fields like ecology, industry, and many more. The table beneath briefs the investi-

According to **Table 1**, Ag NPs play a crucial function in air and water sanitization, as well as a medical assistant in a few therapeutic actions. They radiate highly significant behavior in interaction with various bacteria & viruses like *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* coli and many others [16]. The extraordinary activities of Ag NPs are due to binding capability to sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P), as well as functionalized biomolecules, directing to a rise in their physicochemical features and the competence to destroy various

**Figure 1** represents simplified promising operations of Ag NPs. Because of the multi-sphere utilization of Ag NPs, the vast sphere of the biomedical line, as an ingenious organization connected to the 21st century COVID-19 pandemic, that occurred globally and bringing the world to a halt. This review chapter is notably directed to the performance of Ag NPs as a purifying agent for isolating the escalation of Coronavirus, to quarantine Internal airborne ailments in which humans are

Silver is the exceptionally integral anti-microbial/bacterial (**Figure 2**) agent accessible way before the initiation of antibiotics [19]. Ag NPs are nanoparticles (NPs) of Ag constructed via nano-techniques of distinct size & shape in any proportion [20]. Approximately, three hundred and twenty tons of tiny silver is produced in a year and used worldwide at present [21]. For the past few decades, Ag NPs is the prime investigation theme because of their size, shape, antimicrobial effects, chemical stability, catalytic activity high conductivity, and other extraordinary features. Processes & methods like laser ablation, microwave processing, gamma irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical

to the seek for new technics to tackle any future pandemics like COVID-19.

*Utilization of silver nanoparticles as a sanitizing agent at different communal places.*

gation of distinct research teams, demonstrating their fields of utilization.

likely to be contaminated with the viral atoms at communal places.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99368*

#### **Table 1.**

*Prominent physicochemical features of silver nanoparticles & products as a preservative.*

*Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99368*

**Figure 1.** *Utilization of silver nanoparticles as a sanitizing agent at different communal places.*

surface/volume, ratio they have a great synergy with microbe surfaces and leads to great antimicrobial safety. The size, shape of Ag NPs portrays a vital aspect in this mechanism. These physiochemical features of Ag NPs are necessary and compatible to the seek for new technics to tackle any future pandemics like COVID-19.

These substantial physiochemical features of Ag NPs are also universally accepted in fields like ecology, industry, and many more. The table beneath briefs the investigation of distinct research teams, demonstrating their fields of utilization.

According to **Table 1**, Ag NPs play a crucial function in air and water sanitization, as well as a medical assistant in a few therapeutic actions. They radiate highly significant behavior in interaction with various bacteria & viruses like *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* coli and many others [16]. The extraordinary activities of Ag NPs are due to binding capability to sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P), as well as functionalized biomolecules, directing to a rise in their physicochemical features and the competence to destroy various viruses [17].

**Figure 1** represents simplified promising operations of Ag NPs. Because of the multi-sphere utilization of Ag NPs, the vast sphere of the biomedical line, as an ingenious organization connected to the 21st century COVID-19 pandemic, that occurred globally and bringing the world to a halt. This review chapter is notably directed to the performance of Ag NPs as a purifying agent for isolating the escalation of Coronavirus, to quarantine Internal airborne ailments in which humans are likely to be contaminated with the viral atoms at communal places.

#### **2. Silver nanoparticles**

Silver is the exceptionally integral anti-microbial/bacterial (**Figure 2**) agent accessible way before the initiation of antibiotics [19]. Ag NPs are nanoparticles (NPs) of Ag constructed via nano-techniques of distinct size & shape in any proportion [20]. Approximately, three hundred and twenty tons of tiny silver is produced in a year and used worldwide at present [21]. For the past few decades, Ag NPs is the prime investigation theme because of their size, shape, antimicrobial effects, chemical stability, catalytic activity high conductivity, and other extraordinary features. Processes & methods like laser ablation, microwave processing, gamma irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical

*Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications*

environmental effects.

products as a remedy [2].

LA/ZnO:Cu/Ag Bio-nanocomposites

Disinfectants are reagents used to coat surfaces to reach out for microbes that either contaminate or eradicate them. Reagents are mostly used for the sanitization of diverse facades in communal premises and medical equipment. Disinfectants used in daily life can be handy to keep interacting surfaces clean by destroying biological microorganism on them and still pose no threat to human lives. Also, sterilizers must have a plentiful quantity for repeated utilization in short periods [1].

Presently, synthetic segments & oxidants like aldehydes, alcohols & sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxides, iodine, and others, respectively, are favorably used for sanitization processes. In some events, these elements present numerous cons like metal corrosion, resistance to various bacteria, as well as other unfavorable

With the invention & promising features of nanomaterials, a wide range of options have been disclosed to overwhelming flaws. As interpreted by the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), "nanomaterials" are somewhat material particles of diameter varying between 1 nm & 100 nm. In present-day, distinct material nanoparticles are favorably utilized as efficient sanitizers. The preeminent attempts of scientists from nanotechnology, at the present day, are concentrated on enhancing their physiochemical features & increasing the results of their sanitizing ramification on emerging or modified viruses. Distinct nanoparticles of metals like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), are now strongly preferred as antiseptics. Products based on Ag ions and its other antimicrobial works are known since 1000 BC. They were commonly adopted by the archaic Indians in food & medicinal

Antimicrobial effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) are generally well-known, but with Ag NPs onset, its beneficial properties have raised undoubtedly. This is briefed by the advanced physicochemical features that Ag NPs consists of. With a higher

Ag ZnO O2-, OH Photo-oxidative elimination of

Noticeable active antibacterial

Photocatalytic, self-sanitization bacterial deactivation [7–10] Eradication of aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 virus

antibacterial ramification [12].

Strengthening the lifespan of

antibacterial action of air sanitization [14]

Injury healing strength [15]

ion for

results [3, 4]

bacteria [5, 6]

particles [11]

food [11]

**Component Physicochemical features of Ag NPs Disinfectant results**

Ag polyamide 40–60 nm of size Viable discharge of Ag+

Mechanical/structural, antibacterial & railing characteristics to UV light

Ag Co-NPs Magnetic & antibacterial Water Cleaning [13] AgNP-SiO2 Spherical morphology Propelling & synergic

Ag/BC Porosity Injury healing strength [8]

blood-clotting proficiency

*Prominent physicochemical features of silver nanoparticles & products as a preservative.*

noticeable active material

Ag/TiO2 Contraction in bandgap points to the

Anti-viral

Ag NPs/Chitosan Porosity, moisture retention efficiency,

Ag NPs Surface functionalization

**108**

**Table 1.**

#### **Figure 2.**

*Biological process of antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles & silver ions [18].*

methods, and synthetic biological procedures are some prior researched techniques for constructed Ag NPs [22].

Nanotechnology is a fundamental research attention of present-day, managing design, synthesis, and molecule structures varying not more than 100 nm. NPs have several functions in medication, cosmetics, Eatables, optics, biomedical sciences, space industries, electronics, and in many other broad areas. Synthesized Ag NPs are valued for numerous medical functions such as [22, 23].


Relying on the reducing agents and procedure there are 3 heyday mechanisms to develop Ag NPs.


**111**

**Figure 3.**

*reference [27]).*

*Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts…*

Currently, several human acts while the discrete modification practices direct a negative impact on air quality. Nowadays, the preeminent threat is to obtain a healthy air quality exempted from harmful particles like airborne bacteria/viruses, fine dust fragments, capricious biological elements & noxious gases. The eviction of threatening airborne microorganisms fascinate scientists because they are liable for chronic contagious disease and are genuine threats of airborne toxicity. Such microbes generate a need for air cleaning systems, which will lower the stability of several microorganisms in the air and will provide healthy air for inhalation. Mentioned microbes are the reason for several diseases like severe acute respiratory

Studies confirm that bioaerosols gather on air conditioner filters in massive amount & breed with high moisture [25]. Presently, several engineering solutions are available for bioaerosol removals like photocatalytic oxidation, UV irradiation

It is believed that a fruitful remedy for pandemics like COVID-19 also associates with the utilization of Ag NPs & Cu NPs (Copper nanoparticles) as a sanitizer agent. Enhanced air quality is obtained with Ag NPs sprayed on air filters [26]. Therefore, a belief is born, that nanomaterials & air filters coated with Ag NPs can

Ag NPs coated with silica, in symmetric distribution, perform symbiotic antibacterial actions with gram-positive/negative, microbe in the air refining arrangements. Moreover, Ag NPs & SiO2 infused together certifies a six-month steady solution & performs 99.99% antibacterial actions. Generating Ag aerosol NPs in a puffer as an antiviral assistant to Hay Bacillus & COVID-19 aerosols under expert medical guidance are favored applicable. Overall, we can claim that combined elements are beneficial for installing with air purifiers (**Figure 3**) in air refining devices [11, 14]. **Figure 3** represents a schematic of the anti-viral impacts of Ag NPs coated on an air refiner. In the research paper, Herzong et al. manifested the probability of manufacturing an airway barrier with aerosolized Ag NPs featuring basic cytotoxicity [27]. Our research in this line confronts the Ag NPs originated products have a greater impact in safety and avoidance of viral ailments for upper respiratory section. It happens because, transfer of viral flu is observed primarily through

*Anti-viral impact of silver nanoparticles on bioaerosols impregnated in the air filter. (Regenerated from* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99368*

syndrome (SARS), anthrax, asthma etc.

be an engineering solution to pandemics.

inhalation, ingestion, and dermal routes.

with germicides, and aerial ozonolytic methods.

**3. Air decontamination**

*Silver Nanoparticles - Preparation Methods and Anti-Bacterial/Viral Remedy Impacts… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99368*

#### **3. Air decontamination**

*Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications*

methods, and synthetic biological procedures are some prior researched techniques

Nanotechnology is a fundamental research attention of present-day, managing design, synthesis, and molecule structures varying not more than 100 nm. NPs have several functions in medication, cosmetics, Eatables, optics, biomedical sciences, space industries, electronics, and in many other broad areas. Synthesized Ag NPs

• Lacquering of surgical mesh for pelvic repair & breathing mask patent, used in

Relying on the reducing agents and procedure there are 3 heyday mechanisms to

• Physical techniques generally strive with laser impulse energy to dwindle Ag

• Synthetic techniques utilize reducing chemical agents to reduce Ag ions from

• Biological techniques utilize reducing organic agents to reduce Ag ions from

are valued for numerous medical functions such as [22, 23].

*Biological process of antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles & silver ions [18].*

• Exposure of viral arrangements (SERS & Ag nanorods)

• Remedy to ulcerative colitis, acne & dermatitis

• Antimicrobial impacts for infectious organisms

• Inhibition of HIV-1 replication

COVID-19.

develop Ag NPs.

• Molecular imaging of cancer units

from volume to atoms and ions.

the bulk of metallic Ag.

the bulk of metallic Ag [24].

for constructed Ag NPs [22].

**Figure 2.**

**110**

Currently, several human acts while the discrete modification practices direct a negative impact on air quality. Nowadays, the preeminent threat is to obtain a healthy air quality exempted from harmful particles like airborne bacteria/viruses, fine dust fragments, capricious biological elements & noxious gases. The eviction of threatening airborne microorganisms fascinate scientists because they are liable for chronic contagious disease and are genuine threats of airborne toxicity. Such microbes generate a need for air cleaning systems, which will lower the stability of several microorganisms in the air and will provide healthy air for inhalation. Mentioned microbes are the reason for several diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), anthrax, asthma etc.

Studies confirm that bioaerosols gather on air conditioner filters in massive amount & breed with high moisture [25]. Presently, several engineering solutions are available for bioaerosol removals like photocatalytic oxidation, UV irradiation with germicides, and aerial ozonolytic methods.

It is believed that a fruitful remedy for pandemics like COVID-19 also associates with the utilization of Ag NPs & Cu NPs (Copper nanoparticles) as a sanitizer agent. Enhanced air quality is obtained with Ag NPs sprayed on air filters [26]. Therefore, a belief is born, that nanomaterials & air filters coated with Ag NPs can be an engineering solution to pandemics.

Ag NPs coated with silica, in symmetric distribution, perform symbiotic antibacterial actions with gram-positive/negative, microbe in the air refining arrangements. Moreover, Ag NPs & SiO2 infused together certifies a six-month steady solution & performs 99.99% antibacterial actions. Generating Ag aerosol NPs in a puffer as an antiviral assistant to Hay Bacillus & COVID-19 aerosols under expert medical guidance are favored applicable. Overall, we can claim that combined elements are beneficial for installing with air purifiers (**Figure 3**) in air refining devices [11, 14].

**Figure 3** represents a schematic of the anti-viral impacts of Ag NPs coated on an air refiner. In the research paper, Herzong et al. manifested the probability of manufacturing an airway barrier with aerosolized Ag NPs featuring basic cytotoxicity [27]. Our research in this line confronts the Ag NPs originated products have a greater impact in safety and avoidance of viral ailments for upper respiratory section. It happens because, transfer of viral flu is observed primarily through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal routes.

#### **Figure 3.**

*Anti-viral impact of silver nanoparticles on bioaerosols impregnated in the air filter. (Regenerated from reference [27]).*

So, sprayers originated from nanotechnology discharging airborne particles & Ag compounds have proven to boost good human health. Such ways substantiate a better air quality in communal places & provides enhanced protection against COVID-19 at its primary stage. Thus, mobile oxygen generating system & air coolers can easily be equipped with Ag NPs coated filters with improved efficiency & without being overpriced [28, 29].
