**12. Silver nanoparticles for dental applications**

Silver has been proven to be less toxic and a good biocompatible with human cells [41]. Silver nanoparticles are used as endodontics, several areas of dentistry such as implantology, restorative dentistry and dental prostheses. Use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry is mainly to inhibit or decrease the growth of microbial colonization over the dental materials to improve and maintain oral health. Other advantage being the penetration possibility of silver nanoparticles through cell membranes resulting in higher antimicrobial activity especially for biofilm forming microbes. Silver nanoparticles incorporated in dental materials through distinct methods depending on the type of materials. For dental implants titanium samples are immersed in silver nitrate solution and irradiated with UV(Ultraviolet) light after wash and dried [42]. Whereas, for adhesive/resin composite a monomer preferably 2-tert-butylaminoethyl-methacrylate is added to improve the silver solubility [43]. In order to improve quality and durability of polymeric restorative materials many studies are being performed. Rather than notable advancements, restoration composite materials accumulate more biofilms. Actually an imperfect sealing between the restoration composite material and the cavity wall leads to the colonization of oral microbes resulting in secondary caries leading to replacements. To avoid such complications, restorative materials with antimicrobial property has to be incorporated.

## **13. Silver nanoparticles for wound healing**

The disruption of skin integrity defines the formation of a wound, which can be classified into acute (burns), chronic (diabetic foot) and pressure ulcers [44]. Due to the development of antibiotic resistant and outbreak of infectious diseases, the scientists are eyeing for better replacements. Indeed, there is rise in interest in silver nanoparticles integrated biopolymers in wound healing applications. A review conducted by Sim *et al*., on the silver based patented products revealed that over 5000 new applications were registered during 2007–2017 [45]. Silver based products are patented and commercialized for their improvised designs and efficacies than the standard dressing materials. The antimicrobial effect of silver significantly reduces the hazardous natureof microorganisms to develop resistance and increases the efficiency against multi-drug-resistant microbes.An active role of silver nanoparticles attributed in wound healing mechanisms along with its distinctive role in preventing infections, which in turn promotes faster healing rates, stimulated proliferation, relocation of keratinocytes and wound contraction [3]. The antimicrobial therapy which mainly supervise the process such as Colonization, proliferation of pathogens along with multidrug confrontation which serves as foremost and imperative aspects of skin and wound care. Enchantingly, silver and silver ions havebeen engaged for thousands of years since their bactericidal activity that include.Antibacterial effects at the multilevel approach that aims at reducing chances of enlargement of confrontation, and this purpose is served via blocking the respiratory enzymes. Efficiency against multi drug resistant organisms. Low systemic toxicity. A significant volume of research data has provided confirms the beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles as biocompatible, however, the interaction mechanism between silver nanoparticles and the microbial flora, along with clinical toxicity studies are still requires deep investigations. Medical products such as bandages, gauzes, sutures, plasters, textile materials, creams and ointments can be functionalizedwith silver nanoparticles for wound healing property. A synergistic effect between silver and silk protein sericin improved tissue regeneration and antimicrobial properties, a natural wound dressing biomaterial approved [46].

#### **14. Silver nanoparticles for bone healing**

Human bones are composed of crystallized hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium and phosphate. It is a widely accepted and used body implant material. As a suitable choice for the fabrication of antimicrobial and bioactive bone implants biocompatible hydroxyapatiteintegrated either with metallic or ionic silver forms are used as superficial implant materials. Such hydroxyapatite coatings embedded with silver nanoparticles found to be an effective inhibitors of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria [47]. In addition to antimicrobial property, the additive should provide additional optical, mechanical, chemical properties to achieve enhanced biomaterials Kora *et al*, [48].

#### **15. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles**

Over the years, silver nanoparticles have been subjected to numerous in vitro and in vivo tests to provide information about their toxic behavior towards living tissues and organisms. The biosafety of silver nanoparticles has gained much attention for its interaction with blood and tissues. Considering their unique physical and chemical properties, it is likely that these silver nanoparticles besides possess

**89**

**Author details**

**16. Conclusions**

Manikandan Dhayalan1

and Nalini Srinivasan4

Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

Vaniyambadi, Tamil Nadu, India

\*, Priadharsini Karikalan<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Chemistry, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and

4 Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

3 Department of Biotechnology, Islamiah College (Autonomous),

\*Address all correspondence to: manikandandhayalan88@gmail.com

, Mohammed Riyaz Savaas Umar3

*Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99367*

distinctive toxicity mechanisms, a better understanding of silver nanoparticles safety is essential, in order to escalate their clinical use [49]. It was proven that nanosilver can cause the formation and intracellular accumulation of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), modification of mitochondrial membrane permeability and DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) damage. Variousscientific research proved that silver nanoparticles disclosure can induce a decrease in cell viability through different cellular mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is represented by the induction of

apoptosis-related genes and the activation of apoptosis mechanism [50].

Silver nanoparticles are intensively explored nanostructures for exceptional and enhanced biomedical applications, thanks to their attractive size-related physicochemical properties and biological functionality, including their high antimicrobial efficiency and non-toxic nature. Silver nanoparticles-based nanomaterials and nanosystemsare appropriate substitutions for drug delivery, wound dressing, tissue scaffold and protective coating applications. Various physicochemical parameters were related to the intrinsic antimicrobial effects exhibited by silver nanoparticles, such as size, shape, concentration, surface charge and colloidal state. Moreover, the available surface of nanosilver allows the coordination of many ligands, thus enabling remarkableoptions with respect to the surface functionalization of silver nanoparticles.

*Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99367*

distinctive toxicity mechanisms, a better understanding of silver nanoparticles safety is essential, in order to escalate their clinical use [49]. It was proven that nanosilver can cause the formation and intracellular accumulation of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), modification of mitochondrial membrane permeability and DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) damage. Variousscientific research proved that silver nanoparticles disclosure can induce a decrease in cell viability through different cellular mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is represented by the induction of apoptosis-related genes and the activation of apoptosis mechanism [50].

## **16. Conclusions**

*Silver Micro-Nanoparticles - Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications*

The disruption of skin integrity defines the formation of a wound, which can be classified into acute (burns), chronic (diabetic foot) and pressure ulcers [44]. Due to the development of antibiotic resistant and outbreak of infectious diseases, the scientists are eyeing for better replacements. Indeed, there is rise in interest in silver nanoparticles integrated biopolymers in wound healing applications. A review conducted by Sim *et al*., on the silver based patented products revealed that over 5000 new applications were registered during 2007–2017 [45]. Silver based products are patented and commercialized for their improvised designs and efficacies than the standard dressing materials. The antimicrobial effect of silver significantly reduces the hazardous natureof microorganisms to develop resistance and increases the efficiency against multi-drug-resistant microbes.An active role of silver nanoparticles attributed in wound healing mechanisms along with its distinctive role in preventing infections, which in turn promotes faster healing rates, stimulated proliferation, relocation of keratinocytes and wound contraction [3]. The antimicrobial therapy which mainly supervise the process such as Colonization, proliferation of pathogens along with multidrug confrontation which serves as foremost and imperative aspects of skin and wound care. Enchantingly, silver and silver ions havebeen engaged for thousands of years since their bactericidal activity that include.Antibacterial effects at the multilevel approach that aims at reducing chances of enlargement of confrontation, and this purpose is served via blocking the respiratory enzymes. Efficiency against multi drug resistant organisms. Low systemic toxicity. A significant volume of research data has provided confirms the beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles as biocompatible, however, the interaction mechanism between silver nanoparticles and the microbial flora, along with clinical toxicity studies are still requires deep investigations. Medical products such as bandages, gauzes, sutures, plasters, textile materials, creams and ointments can be functionalizedwith silver nanoparticles for wound healing property. A synergistic effect between silver and silk protein sericin improved tissue regeneration and antimicrobial properties, a natural wound dressing biomaterial approved [46].

Human bones are composed of crystallized hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium and phosphate. It is a widely accepted and used body implant material. As a suitable choice for the fabrication of antimicrobial and bioactive bone implants biocompatible hydroxyapatiteintegrated either with metallic or ionic silver forms are used as superficial implant materials. Such hydroxyapatite coatings embedded with silver nanoparticles found to be an effective inhibitors of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria [47]. In addition to antimicrobial property, the additive should provide additional optical, mechanical, chemical properties to achieve enhanced

Over the years, silver nanoparticles have been subjected to numerous in vitro and in vivo tests to provide information about their toxic behavior towards living tissues and organisms. The biosafety of silver nanoparticles has gained much attention for its interaction with blood and tissues. Considering their unique physical and chemical properties, it is likely that these silver nanoparticles besides possess

**13. Silver nanoparticles for wound healing**

**14. Silver nanoparticles for bone healing**

biomaterials Kora *et al*, [48].

**15. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles**

**88**

Silver nanoparticles are intensively explored nanostructures for exceptional and enhanced biomedical applications, thanks to their attractive size-related physicochemical properties and biological functionality, including their high antimicrobial efficiency and non-toxic nature. Silver nanoparticles-based nanomaterials and nanosystemsare appropriate substitutions for drug delivery, wound dressing, tissue scaffold and protective coating applications. Various physicochemical parameters were related to the intrinsic antimicrobial effects exhibited by silver nanoparticles, such as size, shape, concentration, surface charge and colloidal state. Moreover, the available surface of nanosilver allows the coordination of many ligands, thus enabling remarkableoptions with respect to the surface functionalization of silver nanoparticles.

## **Author details**

Manikandan Dhayalan1 \*, Priadharsini Karikalan<sup>2</sup> , Mohammed Riyaz Savaas Umar3 and Nalini Srinivasan4

1 Department of Chemistry, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India

2 CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

3 Department of Biotechnology, Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi, Tamil Nadu, India

4 Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

\*Address all correspondence to: manikandandhayalan88@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
