Contents



Preface

It is estimated that 1.2 million caesarean sections are performed in the United States each year, accounting for 31.7% of all births. In most European countries, the rate of caesarean delivery also exceeds 30%. The medical effects of this phenomenon

Factors that contribute to the increased frequency of C-sections include improved technical performance combined with increased security, reduction of maternal mortality rates (estimated at 6–22 women per 100,000 operations), and an overall

The increased frequency of primary caesarean incisions has led to an increased number of pregnant women with previous C-sections despite a moderate increase

According to meta-analyses, the use of cardiotocographic monitoring of the fetoplacental unit led to a 20% increase in the frequency of cesarean sections. Two studies of low-risk pregnancies found that the frequency of C-sections doubled with continuous cardiotocographic monitoring. This is due to an overestimation of

Several blind studies have compared C-section rates after induction or waiting in prolonged pregnancies without fully documented findings and without

significant differences. There are several studies that show that induction of labor is associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of C-sections compared to adherence to waiting. However, these studies focused mainly on pregnancies > 41 weeks or those that were high risk. Several researchers have investigated whether the adoption of a regular induction of labor between 37 and 38 + 6 weeks is associated with a reduction in the frequency of stillbirths, but results have been conflicting. However, there is a trend that supports the view that the induction of childbirth between 39 and 40 weeks of pregnancy helps to reduce the incidence

the records regarding the presence or absence of perinatal asphyxia.

The estimated total percentage of caesarean deliveries in women older than 35 years is 35%, according to a study by the World Health Organization (WHO). The study certified an increase in the frequency of caesarean births in both primigravidae and multigravidae. Full-term pregnancies with a head presentation in women without previous C-section accounted for 60% of births, whereas pregnancies in women with previous C-section accounted for 11.4% of births. Primigravidae with a head presentation with spontaneous or induced labor accounted for 15.3% and 18.3% of births, respectively. The tendency to have a fewer number of children led to a greater percentage of primigravidae who are at increased risk for caesarean section. The widespread application of assisted reproduction methods has led to increased rates of twin (35%) and multiple (77%) pregnancies and thus an increase in the

significant decline in the frequency of forceps delivery.

in the rate of vaginal delivery after caesarean delivery.

remain unclear.

percentage of C-sections.

of stillbirths.
