*4.3.2 Intelligent lighting system components*

The intelligent lighting system contains PIR sensor, BH 1750 light sensor, Arduino Mega, AC light dimmer, LED and light bulb.

PIR sensor is used to detect occupancy in the room. Light sensor is used to measure the amount of light in lux. Arduino Mega is used as a controller. Ac light dimmer is used in order to adjust the brightness of LED bulb. To monitor the amount of light (PV) and set point (SP), LCD is used. LED bulb is used to provide illumination in the room.

PIR sensor is one of the simplest and inexpensive type of occupancy sensors and this type of sensor is widely used around the world. It is capable of measuring various air temperatures in the room. When there is somebody in the room, sensor sends a signal to turn on or off lights. When object is moved in the sensor's field of view, infrared lights which is radiating from the objects are measured by PIR

sensor. People have a temperature that is higher than perfect zero and thermal energy is emitted from people in the form of radiation. During the day, the wavelength of radiation is approximately 9–10 micrometers. PIR sensor has capability to detect the wavelength of radiation which only arise when a person comes to sensor's field of view. The radiation emitted by all objects which has temperature above absolute zero cannot be seen by human eye, since it is emitted at infrared wavelengths, however, electronic devices, such as PIR sensor, can detect it. This kind of sensors works totally by sensing the energy emitted by objects. When the amount of heat varies in intensity or position, sensor activates the controller.

analog I/O. In addition to this, it consists of 4 UARTs, 16Mhz crystal oscillator, USB connection, power jack, ICSP header, and reset button. Arduino Mega can simply be connected to the computer and programmed. There are many types of shields used

LED light bulbs are the best choice to use in energy saving lighting systems and they have great advantages over the fluorescent lamps and incandescent light bulbs. In these days, LED bulb technology has developed and this technology offer light bulbs which can be used for many applications. In addition to this, this type of light bulbs offer dimmable and non-dimmable options and it creates opportunity to be used in intelligent lighting systems. LED bulbs are very durable and no mercury is used in this type of bulbs. Although the initial cost of LED bulbs is higher than other types of bulbs, they are cheaper to use for overall life of the light bulb compared with fluorescent or incandescent light bulbs. For all of these reasons, it can be beneficial to use led bulbs instead of other types of bulbs in the Intelligent Lighting

AC Light Dimmer is used to adjust the light intensity by dimming the light bulb

The response of system will be illustrated for three different preset values and three background in the room. The response of the system will be represented for occupied conditions. In unoccupied conditions, the intensity of light bulb will be set

[45]. There are various methods for dimming, the usual way is to use variable resistor which change the voltage coming into the lamp. Nevertheless, when variable resistance is used in order to change the brightness of lamp, resistance converts some part of energy into the heat that is not used. An effective method for dimming is to turn off AC power regularly and provide only some portion of full wave to the light. It could sound strange at first, because it will produce flicker, however it is not visible by human eye, if the periodic light switches and phase of AC power are locked. In order to accomplish the dimming, two circuits are required, zero-crossing detector and pulse-controlled switch, respectively. This is used in order to maintain switching with the power source in phase. And, to deal with 220 V AC, safety precautions should be implemented. That is why, circuit should be mechanically and electrically isolated from outside by the means of metal box and optoisolators, accordingly. The zero-crossing detector is a full wave rectifier with high power resistors that is used to reduce voltage (**Figure 11**). And, the pulse-controlled switch

for several purposes can be added to the Arduino mega [13].

*Economic Applications for LED Lights in Industrial Sectors*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95412*

Systems [44].

contains a Diac or Triac.

**Figure 11.**

**47**

**4.4 Intelligent lighting system response**

*Pulse control using AC light dimmer.*

PIR sensor which is used in this Intelligent Lighting System possesses pyroelectric sensor module that is designed for the detection of human body. This sensor has sensing range from 3 m to 4 m, and lens angle is about 140 degrees [44]. One of the advantages of PIR sensor compared with other types of occupancy sensor is that it is not complex, effortless to install, and it has compact size which is 28\*28 mm. In addition to this, it is highly sensitive, power consumption is very low, and can perform under temperature from 15 to 70 degree. Most significantly, as contrasted with other sensors, it can penetrate walls in which motion can be anticipated and it is cheaper compared with other sensors. However, a constant and slight motion cannot be detected by PIR sensor and this sensor is sensitive to temperature. Another negative side of this sensor is that its field of view is smaller than other type of occupancy sensors. Moreover, this sensor cannot be mounted near the places where temperature changes commonly. But for application of indoor industrial building, this senior is adequate to be used.

BH1750 sensor is used in order to measure light intensity inside the room. This is a digital light sensor and it is used in the majority of mobile phones in order to adjust screen brightness, depending on lights coming from outside. This sensor has capability to measure directly lux value and there is no need to convert measured value to lux. This sensor uses I2C protocol to communicate with the controller. This protocol makes it easy to use with microcontroller. SCL and SDA pins which sensor have are required for I2C protocol. One of the advantages is that there is no need for calculation because we can get directly lux value by the means of this sensor. This sensor measures light intensity based on the amount of light which is hitting on it. The voltage between 2.4 V and 3.6 V and 0.12 mA current is needed to operate this sensor. The main component of BH1750 sensor is illustrated in **Figure 10**.

Arduino Mega is used as a master to control all slaves. It is the brain of this Intelligent Lighting System. It is a type of microcontroller board and uses ATmega 2560 microcontroller. Arduino Mega has 70 I/O pins. Fiftyfour (54) pins of Arduino Mega are digital I/O pin and 14 of them can be used as PWM pin. Other 16 pins are

**Figure 10.** *BH 1750 sensor circuit.*

#### *Economic Applications for LED Lights in Industrial Sectors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95412*

analog I/O. In addition to this, it consists of 4 UARTs, 16Mhz crystal oscillator, USB connection, power jack, ICSP header, and reset button. Arduino Mega can simply be connected to the computer and programmed. There are many types of shields used for several purposes can be added to the Arduino mega [13].

LED light bulbs are the best choice to use in energy saving lighting systems and they have great advantages over the fluorescent lamps and incandescent light bulbs. In these days, LED bulb technology has developed and this technology offer light bulbs which can be used for many applications. In addition to this, this type of light bulbs offer dimmable and non-dimmable options and it creates opportunity to be used in intelligent lighting systems. LED bulbs are very durable and no mercury is used in this type of bulbs. Although the initial cost of LED bulbs is higher than other types of bulbs, they are cheaper to use for overall life of the light bulb compared with fluorescent or incandescent light bulbs. For all of these reasons, it can be beneficial to use led bulbs instead of other types of bulbs in the Intelligent Lighting Systems [44].

AC Light Dimmer is used to adjust the light intensity by dimming the light bulb [45]. There are various methods for dimming, the usual way is to use variable resistor which change the voltage coming into the lamp. Nevertheless, when variable resistance is used in order to change the brightness of lamp, resistance converts some part of energy into the heat that is not used. An effective method for dimming is to turn off AC power regularly and provide only some portion of full wave to the light. It could sound strange at first, because it will produce flicker, however it is not visible by human eye, if the periodic light switches and phase of AC power are locked. In order to accomplish the dimming, two circuits are required, zero-crossing detector and pulse-controlled switch, respectively. This is used in order to maintain switching with the power source in phase. And, to deal with 220 V AC, safety precautions should be implemented. That is why, circuit should be mechanically and electrically isolated from outside by the means of metal box and optoisolators, accordingly. The zero-crossing detector is a full wave rectifier with high power resistors that is used to reduce voltage (**Figure 11**). And, the pulse-controlled switch contains a Diac or Triac.

**Figure 11.** *Pulse control using AC light dimmer.*

#### **4.4 Intelligent lighting system response**

The response of system will be illustrated for three different preset values and three background in the room. The response of the system will be represented for occupied conditions. In unoccupied conditions, the intensity of light bulb will be set automatically to zero lux. In **Figure 12**, the response of the system is illustrated for preset value of 75 lux and external daylight with the amount of 25, 50, and 75 lux, ascending and descending. Another case is considered in **Figure 13** represents the response of the system for setpoint of 150 lux and additional daylight with the amount of 50,100, and 150 lux, ascending and descending. And last test case is considered in **Figure 14** shows the response of the system for setpoint 300 lux and external daylight with the amount of 100, 200, and 300 lux, ascending and descending. It is obvious from the results, the dimmer adjusts the light intensity of light bulb to achieve successfully to the present value, considering the external light coming into the room.

The transient state of the system response is not described in these graphs, only steady state is taken into account, since human's eye does not recognize to the fast changes happen in the amount of light. Moreover, in general, the rate of the change in the daylight occurs slowly and gradually, consequently, the response of the controller will change the intensity of the light emitted from the controlled lighting system in small steps which are comfortable for the eye. Hence, the transient state is not concern for the proposed intelligent lighting system.

**4.5 Economical evaluation**

*The response of system for 300 lux SP.*

*Economic Applications for LED Lights in Industrial Sectors*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95412*

lighting systems [46, 47].

*4.5.1.1 Reduction of operational cost*

*4.5.1 Direct benefits*

following:

**49**

**Figure 14.**

In this section, Techno-Economical evaluation is discussed that includes direct and indirect benefits obtained from using the proposed intelligent lighting system. As mentioned earlier in this Chapter, Direct benefits are categorized in two parts; operational and maintenance cost. However indirect benefit is categorized also into two parts, introducing more oil/gas sale opportunity and reduction of pollution. And, the cost of this intelligent lighting system is negligible compared with other

Direct benefits of the proposed Intelligent Lighting System are explained as

This section determines the energy gains that intelligent lighting system can provide during the day. In order to achieve this, the response of controller is assumed to be maintained during the day. By considering occupancy status and level of illuminance during the day, energy savings which intelligent lighting system can provide may be calculated. Survey [37] illustrates that workers' illuminance

In **Figure 15**, Data of illuminance and occupancy status during the day and workers' illuminance preference in typical open-office are illustrated. In this survey, it is assumed that approximately 60% of daylight is coming into the room. From **Figure 15**, it can be observed that workers arrive at office at approximately 9:00 AM, occupies the working area and turn on the lighting system, because the level of illuminance is less than 300 lux (However, lighting system plus daylight coming into the room provides more than 300 lux). Thus, at the end of working hour, the lighting system was switched off about at 19:00. Also, from It can also be observed that workers leave working area at different times of the day, but lighting system turned on by causing the energy waste. In addition, between 15:00 and 17:00

preference is approximately 300 lux, and energy waste is generated by

the illumination which is generated by daylight is sufficient to satisfy the

over-illumination and turning on lights in unoccupied places.

**Figure 12.** *The response of system for 75 lux SP.*

**Figure 13.** *The response of system for 150 lux SP.*

*Economic Applications for LED Lights in Industrial Sectors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95412*

**Figure 14.**

*The response of system for 300 lux SP.*

#### **4.5 Economical evaluation**

In this section, Techno-Economical evaluation is discussed that includes direct and indirect benefits obtained from using the proposed intelligent lighting system. As mentioned earlier in this Chapter, Direct benefits are categorized in two parts; operational and maintenance cost. However indirect benefit is categorized also into two parts, introducing more oil/gas sale opportunity and reduction of pollution. And, the cost of this intelligent lighting system is negligible compared with other lighting systems [46, 47].

#### *4.5.1 Direct benefits*

Direct benefits of the proposed Intelligent Lighting System are explained as following:

#### *4.5.1.1 Reduction of operational cost*

This section determines the energy gains that intelligent lighting system can provide during the day. In order to achieve this, the response of controller is assumed to be maintained during the day. By considering occupancy status and level of illuminance during the day, energy savings which intelligent lighting system can provide may be calculated. Survey [37] illustrates that workers' illuminance preference is approximately 300 lux, and energy waste is generated by over-illumination and turning on lights in unoccupied places.

In **Figure 15**, Data of illuminance and occupancy status during the day and workers' illuminance preference in typical open-office are illustrated. In this survey, it is assumed that approximately 60% of daylight is coming into the room. From **Figure 15**, it can be observed that workers arrive at office at approximately 9:00 AM, occupies the working area and turn on the lighting system, because the level of illuminance is less than 300 lux (However, lighting system plus daylight coming into the room provides more than 300 lux). Thus, at the end of working hour, the lighting system was switched off about at 19:00. Also, from It can also be observed that workers leave working area at different times of the day, but lighting system turned on by causing the energy waste. In addition, between 15:00 and 17:00 the illumination which is generated by daylight is sufficient to satisfy the

#### **Figure 15.**

*Data of illuminance and occupancy status in typical open-office.*

illuminance requirement at the office and lighting system is however switched on by causing over-illumination.

This data represents that thanks to daylight utilization technique, energy can be saved significantly between 9:00 and 19:00 by controlling the amount of light provided by the lighting system. In addition to this, occupancy sensor will contribute us to save energy by switching off lighting system when there is no occupancy in the working area. Finally, the energy savings can be calculated from the **Figure 15** by comparing the Areas under the curves. In order to find the energy savings, the area of curves, which are generated by the outputs of intelligent lighting system and Setpoint, should be calculated between 9:00 and 19:00. And, using the following equation, the percentage of energy savings accomplished from intelligent lighting system can be estimated.

A1 Energy for Traditional Lighting System <sup>¼</sup> <sup>10</sup> <sup>∗</sup> <sup>300</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 3000 (6)

A2 Energy for Intelgent Lightting System <sup>¼</sup> <sup>95</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>240</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>55</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>8</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>150</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>548</sup>

$$\sigma\_{\Omega}$$

From **Figure 15**, percentage of reduction of maintenance cost can be calculated by

maintenance cost can be reduced about 45% by implementing proposed intelligent

Explanation of indirect benefits will be given in detail in the following paragraphs.

First benefit is that country can export larger amount of gas, since the consumption of gas will be reduced due to the energy savings caused by proposed intelligent lighting system. By using the selling price of \$4.618/MMBtu on the basis of US Energy Information Administration Henry Hub/NYMEX, natural gas valued futures prices. Considering 1% annual escalation factor, equivalent energy rate of 5.6¢/kWhr used to measure the energy generated for one year. And, sales opportunity for the natural gas can be estimated annually by the means of equation Eq.(1) that can be used to calculate the annual gas sale opportunity for any project using

Second indirect benefit is that pollution caused by power plants can be reduced significantly. When the amount of power consumed is reduced, the amount of toxic fumes released by power plants will be reduced. The majority of power plants burn crude oil, coal, fossil fuel etc. Hence, this causes the emission of carbon dioxide that accounts for the majority of pollution. Carbon dioxide is released into the air and causes the absorption of sun's warmth and heat in our atmosphere. When power plants burn more fuel in order to generate more energy, extra carbon waste traps cause too much heat. When carbon dioxide emission is reduced, it will cause less pollution. Eq. (2) can be used to calculate the Annual Saving in Pollution that can be

Nowadays, energy saving is one of the big problems, that is why energy-efficient lighting systems proceed rapidly over the past ten years [43]. Led light bulbs are the best choice to use in energy saving lighting systems and they have great advantages over the fluorescent lamps and incandescent light bulbs. In these days, led bulb technology has developed and this technology offer light bulbs which can be used for many applications. In addition to this, this type of light bulbs offers dimmable and non-dimmable options and it creates opportunity to be used in intelligent lighting systems. Led bulbs are very durable and no mercury is used in this type of bulbs. Although the initial cost of Led bulbs is higher than other types of bulbs, they are cheaper to use for overall life of the light bulb compared with fluorescent or incandescent light bulbs. For all of these reasons, it can be beneficial to use led bulbs

gained in any project using this Intelligent Lighting System.

instead of other types of bulbs in lighting systems.

From the equation above, it is calculated that in typical open-office,

M*:*C maintenance cost ð Þ ¼ ð Þ 10 � 5*:*5 *=*10 ∗ 100 ¼ 45% (9)

the means of following equation.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95412*

*Economic Applications for LED Lights in Industrial Sectors*

*4.5.2.1 Annual gas sale opportunity*

this Intelligent Lighting System.

*4.5.2.2 Annual saving in pollution*

*4.5.3 LED bulbs*

**51**

lighting system.

*4.5.2 Indirect benefits*

$$\text{E.S(Energy saving)} = (\text{3000} - \text{548}) / \text{3000} \ast \text{1000} \text{\%} = \text{81.7\%} \tag{8}$$

From the equation above, it is calculated that in typical open-office energy savings can be approximately 81.7% by implementing proposed intelligent lighting system.

#### *4.5.1.2 Reduction of maintenance cost*

In **Figure 15**, it is clearly seen that operation hours of light bulbs reduce from 10 hours to approximately to 5.5 hours. So, implementation of proposed intelligent lighting system contributes also to reduce maintenance cost. The life span of light bulbs increases significantly, since lights are switched on at certain times of the day. From **Figure 15**, percentage of reduction of maintenance cost can be calculated by the means of following equation.

$$\text{M.C}(\text{maintenance cost}) = (10 - 5.5) / 10 \* 100 = 45\% \tag{9}$$

From the equation above, it is calculated that in typical open-office, maintenance cost can be reduced about 45% by implementing proposed intelligent lighting system.
