**Author details**

*Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors - Advances and Future Directions*

the free-running VCSEL-based photodetector version.

**Figure 17**).

optical probe.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**5. Conclusion**

• Slightly large values of the EVM are observed, when using a free-running VCSEL-based photodetector. The increase in the EVM at the upper RF carrier frequency noted in the graph is most likely due to its limited bandwidth (see

• The largest values of the EVM that increase with the RF carrier are obtained when using an OIL-VCSEL-PD, which is associated with its poorest photocurrent responsivity, increased noise due to operating in the laser mode and limited bandwidth (see **Figure 20**) due to the above-mentioned losses in the

In this Chapter, a detailed comparative experimental study was carry out to pursue advanced performances corresponding to the key parameters of two VCSELbased photodetectors operating in free-running or optically injection locked mode as well as an inherent pin-photodetector. During the preliminary study, the key static and dynamic parameters were quantitatively determined and the optimal operating modes were derived for both versions of VCSEL-based photodetector as a separate microwave-photonics circuit element. Based on them, a final study was carried out to evaluate the processing quality when the both versions of VCSELbased photodetectors or an inherent pin-photodetector work as an optical-toelectrical converter of a typical microwave circuit, which can become the core when developing a cost- and power-efficient base station for a mobile cellular telecommunication system of fifth generation [27], as well as for an advanced Wi-Fi system [28] of fiber-wireless architecture, which will significantly increase its service area. As a result, it was confirmed that better processing quality can be obtained by using

Further research will focus at a detailed comparative studying the features of the VCSEL-based photodetectors, at expanding their bandwidth to the millimeter wavelength range, as well as at the development of optimal microwave-photonics

The authors thank Dr. V. P. Yakovlev for the provided laser samples and JSC "Akmetron", Moscow, Russian Federation for the provided measuring instruments.

circuits using one of these devices as an optical-to-electrical converter.

The authors declare the lack of the 'conflict of interest'.

**190**

Mikhail E. Belkin1 \*, Leonid I. Zhukov1 , Dmitriy A. Fofanov1 , Mikhail G. Vasil'ev2 and Alexander S. Sigov1

1 MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation

2 Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

\*Address all correspondence to: belkin@mirea.ru

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
