**4. Initial prototype and testing of the heliosphere concept**

An initial trial with a basic configuration of the HELIOSPHERE concept was carried out over two events in the Science Gallery Dublin10, Ireland. In both cases, the HELIOSPHERE was part of the Science Gallery Book Club11. The first book club, which was on 26 November 2019, discussed the book 'Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men' by Caroline Criado Perez, and the second book club on 25 March 2020 focused on 'Clearing the Air: the Beginning and the End of Air Pollution' by Tim Smedley. It is worth pointing out that for the first book club, 'Invisible Women' HELIOSPHERE deployed a live 360 camera and language analytics features with an audience of over 20 people participating live and 15 online, for the second Bookclub 'Clearing the air' a purely online event with about 13 participants was conducted and no 360-degree camera was used. This was due to the COVID19 pandemic and allowed testing the HELIOSPHERE concept purely online and not hybrid offline and online.

To increase the inclusiveness of all attending participants, the layout was circular (see **Figure 1**). For each book club, two moderators were active, one primary and one support. During the 'Invisible Women' event, the two moderators were seated at a round table, capable of holding up to five people. Three more

<sup>10</sup> https://dublin.sciencegallery.com/

<sup>11</sup> more information can be found under http://heliosphere.social

**Figure 1.** *HELIOSPHERE spatial concept.*

tables were positioned around the table, each hosting one sub-moderator with three to five participants. For the first 40–50 minutes, the participants at each of the tables discussed the book among themselves and a designated sub-moderator. Once the initial discussion was completed, each table's sub-moderators joined the main round discussion table with the leading two moderators. Here, a 360-degree live feed camera was placed to include online viewers and participate in the debate. Their comments were relayed to the moderators via an iPad on the main table. For transparency and fairness, the HELIOSPHERE AI analytics component was enabled and displayed on a screen. A microphone in the moderation table's centre captured the discussion and encoded the audio to the AI module for further analysis. **Figure 2** depicts the view from the 360-degree camera during the live stream and debate. The table scene is the audience discussing the book with one of the moderators. The bright screen is set to showcase the debate analytics in real-time. The top left corner presents a control for the camera, so each online participant has a complete view of what is happening in real-time in the room. Additionally, the

**Figure 2.** *HELIOSPHERE 360 camera angle.*

*A Theoretical Concept to Increase the Trustworthiness of Online and Offline… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98442*

**Figure 3.** *Example of real-time keyword extraction.*

online audience can ask questions/comments, which are then raised by the moderators and addressed during the discussion.

The AI analytics module used speech-to-text technology to encode the live voice feed in real-time, including the conversation between moderators, the author, the present and the online audience. During and after the debate, several types of analysis were performed. For transparency, the most frequently used words during the entire conversation were displayed live (see **Figures 3** and **4** as representations due to the live feed not being captured at these events for privacy reasons).

The moderators understood the general audience attitude during the debates based on real-time sentiment analysis and the emotional disposition during the debate (**Figure 5** for Invisible women discussion and **Figure 6** for Clearing the Air). In the two particular debates, the sentiment analysis for 'Invisible women' mainly was positive. Simultaneously, the topic of pollution and current societal problems emerging for the issue produces slightly more negative sentiments than the invisible women discussion.

To gain a more in-depth overview, we included a graph representation of words and topics. Each debate concept graph is connected to the overall "Heliosphere" of topics, themes, with the possibility of further analysis on the HELIOSPHERE website. Moreover, it included an n-gram analysis for both debates. This allowed us to build go-occurrence networks (graphs). For the 'Invisible Women' the words most often associated with the word "women" are indicated, which include "need", "lot", "many", "gained, "educational", "potential", "body", as well as others. For the 'Clearing the Air' discussion, the co-occurrence graph is presented in. The lower plot presents the words associated with the word "air", which include "chemica", "reaction", "pollution", "breathe", "monitor", "clear", "city", "world", "quality", among others.

The creation of n-grams serves several simultaneous purposes. First, it provides a real-time interactive concept map for users to browse and click on each node (word

**Figure 4.** *Example of real-time keyword extraction.*

**Figure 5.** *Sentiment example.*

or n-gram) to bring up more detailed information about the entity, concept, word. Through the concept mapping, HELIOSPHERE attempts to level the information accessible to all participants to make more informed and transparent choices/arguments. Moreover, since all participants have access to the same set of facts/data, we reduce false information while enriching the informational landscape. Technically, such information is extracted from the sources described in Section 2 of the current work. When a falsehood is present, it is labelled as such in the concept map, so users have a clear idea of the presented information's truthfulness (**Figure 7**).

Second, the n-grams provide the initial structure for the argument module, which allows us to track the participants' position on topics (whether they are for, *A Theoretical Concept to Increase the Trustworthiness of Online and Offline… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98442*

#### **Figure 6.** *Sentiment example.*
