**3. Importance of PH as Ethnomedicines**

There are some conditions of inadequate efficacy, side effects, and pharmacokinetic problems of conventional drugs used for disease modulation [14]. Recent studies focused on the pharmacology and feasibility of herbal compounds as a potential strategy for alternative therapy. Now the discovery of novel therapeutic agents with multi-targeted potential is desirable [13, 20, 28]. Protective properties of phytochemicals combat numerous diseases and their vast acceptance and demand in human beings encouraged scientists to assess their effective activities [9, 11]. Artemisinin for instance has been known for decades and forms one of the most commonly prescribed medicinal agents [25]. The same has now emerged into an antimalarial drug used as first-line medication in this regard in addition to its adjuvant anticancer potential [10, 13]. Also, ethnomedicine has risen to provide an alternative to biofilm infections to improve medical treatments by the use of combinatorial treatment of bacterial biofilms as re-potentiators of classical antibiotics [9]. Actions related to anti-growth, anti-biofilm, or anti-quorum-sensing activities, to control bacterial infections have been associated with the use of PH including *P. granatum* or propolis compounds against known bacteria agents [9]. Other important derivatives of ethnomedicines are the phytoestrogens [8, 16]. They are a large family of plant-derived molecules possessing various degrees of estrogen-like activity; they exhibit agonist or antagonist estrogenic properties depending on the tissue. Delay of skin to undergo degenerative changes as it ages is now possible using relevant phytoestrogens knowledge to modulate skin elasticity, reductions in the epidermal thickness and collagen content, elastic fiber degeneration, and increased wrinkling and dryness. In turn, this is a key to senescence control via estrogen modulation [16]. Relevant interventions to target a variety of human diseases ranging from metabolic to brain disorders are now available [3, 12]. Several herbs have been reported to target the main biochemical events that are implicated in mental disorders, mimicking, to some extent, the mechanisms of action of conventional antidepressants and mood stabilizers with a wide margin of tolerability [3, 12]. With both experimental and clinical evidence, they rescue alterations in neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems, stimulate neurogenesis and the synthesis of neurotrophic factors, and they counteract oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation e.g. saffron, crocin, etc. play a very significant role as a nutraceutical for cognitive functions affected by body injuries [11]. More so, ethnomedicine encourages nanotechnology development in the preparation of a herbometallic nano-drug [27, 29]. Recent studies on the physicochemical analysis confirmed that specific plant-derived herbometallic nano-drug such as rasa manikya nanoparticle were rich in mineral constituents and showed therapeutic opportunities for combating drug-resistant microbial strains among others [27]. Furthermore, some eminent components of traditional medicinal agents have contributed to cardio-metabolic disease treatment for decades. Phytomedicines such as berberine, lemon balm among others has attracted much interest for their pharmacological actions in managing cardio-metabolic diseases [29]. Recent discoveries of basic, translational and clinical studies have identified many novel molecular targets for phytocompounds, and provided novel evidence supporting the promising therapeutic potentials [16, 23, 26]. Hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects are two major medical challenges worldwide and a wide variety of herbs have been

studied for the management of their related diseases. Bioactive compounds including silymarin, quercetin, curcumin, ginseng, and rutin for instance have long been used in traditional medicine [7]. Both in combating diseases, exerts hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects, which prevents the fatty acid accumulation in the cells that may result from metabolic imbalances, and which affects multiple processes and signaling pathways [4, 13, 27].
