*3.8.1 Crystal multiplication*

Crystal multiplication is a consequence of the fragmentation of dendritic arms in the columnar zone due to local factors like thermal fluctuations and change in growth rates, etc. Also the nuclei formed on the inside of the mould wall may get washed off when further metal is being poured into the mould. Some of these detached nuclei may vanish being unstable, while some may get transported to favourable sides in the liquid and grow into equiaxed grains.
