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## Meet the editors

Dr. Vijay Kumar Ph.D. has more than 16 years of research experience in the field of bacterial infections, including sepsis and pneumonia, innate immunity, immunopharmacology, immunomodulation, and inflammation. He obtained his Ph.D. in June 2009 from the Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Dr. Kumar is the recipient of the prestigious Piero Periti review article award for 2008, awarded by the

Journal of Chemotherapy in the field of immunomodulation and antimicrobials for the article titled Innate Immunity in Sepsis Pathogenesis and Its Modulation: New Immunomodulatory Targets Revealed. He was the recipient of junior research and senior research fellowship (2004–2009) offered by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India. He has been awarded 17 international travel awards to attend various international conferences in the field of infection and immunity. So far, he has published 70 publications in peer-reviewed international journals in this field. To date, he has achieved more than 2 100 citations and h-index 21 (Google scholar). He has contributed several articles on inflammation and immunity as invited contribution as well as in special issues of the journals, including the Journal of Leukocyte Biology, EXCLI Journal, and Frontiers in Immunology. He is serving as an associate editor for Frontiers in Immunology (Inflammation section), executive guest editor for the journal called Coronaviruses, and editorial board member of Frontiers in Biosciences along with other journals. He is also serving as an invited reviewer for several immunology journals, such as Scientific Reports, British Journal of Pharmacology, Pharmacological Reports, Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers in Medicine, Journal of Inflammation Research, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Immunology, Innate Immunity, etc.

Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari is an assistant professor of immunology at the Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. He has an allergy and asthma toxicology postdoctoral degree and asthma management and controlling network fellowship. He has published more than 90 manuscripts in international journals on immunology, allergy, and asthma and more than 28 books.

He is also on the editorial board of more than 65 international journals in medical sciences and has more than 12 inventions in medical sciences and has recorded 12 gene sequences in the gene bank. Dr. Athari has been invited as a top speaker for more than 40 international congresses and symposiums and has received several scientific awards from different scientific societies as a young top researcher and young scientist.

Dr. Alexandro Aguilera Salgado is a 36-year-old certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon from Mexico City. He started his plastic surgery residency in 2011 at Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, followed by two full-time fellowship programs: one in hand surgery, mentored by Dr. Carlos Gargollo at Hospital Angeles Pedregal, and the other one in facial palsy and peripheral nerve, mentored by Dr. Alexander Cardenas at Hospital General

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Vijay Kumar*

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

*by Erkan Yildiz*

**Preface XIII**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Edema **13**

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 19**

**Chapter 4 37**

**Chapter 5 59**

Neutrophils in Immunity and Inflammation **83**

**Chapter 6 85**

Introductory Chapter: The Journey of Inflammation and Inflammatory

Disease Research - Past, Present, and Future

Prolouge: Initial Approach to Edema *by Alexandro Aguilera Salgado*

Peripheral Edema: Differential Diagnosis

*Alessandro Fiorentino and Cardone Marco*

*by Sandro Michelini, Alessandro Failla, Giovanni Moneta,* 

*Danielle P. Novaes, Marcos A. de Oliveira, Rolando Ie, Henrique Hessel Gaeta and Daniela de O. Toyama*

Edema Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Neutrophil Counts and Rates in Otorhinolaryngology

Edema Induced by sPLA2 from *Crotalus durissus terrificus* Involves PLC and PKC Signaling, Activation of cPLA2, and Oxidative Stress *by Marcos H. Toyama, Caroline R.C. Costa, Mariana N. Belchor,* 

*by Renato Yassutaka Faria Yaedu, Marina de Almeida Barbosa Mello, Juliana Specian Zabotini da Silveira and Ana Carolina Bonetti Valente*

Dr. Manuel Gea González. After completing his fellowships, he started working as an attending physician at the National Institute of Pediatrics, which is a national reference center in Mexico for patients with complex congenital, traumatic and acquired upper extremity diseases, where he is the chief of the Hand and Peripheral Nerve Department. He is also part of the Continuing Medical Education Program of the Mexican Association of Plastic Surgery.

## Contents



**III**

**Chapter 15 231**

**Chapter 16 255**

Parasites as Immunomodulatory Approach in Chronic Inflammation **267**

**Chapter 17 269**

Helminth Induced Immunomodulation against Metainflammation

Islet Inflammation: The Link between Type 2 Diabetes and

Hypomelanosis Secondary to Cutaneous Inflammation

*by Vivekanandhan Aravindhan and Sibi Joy Manohar*

Pancreatic Cancer *by Alpana Mukhuty*

*by Behzad Dalvand*

and Insulin Resistance

**Section 7**


Preface

As mentioned in the ancient textbooks of Ayurvedic medicine, inflammation was known to Ayurvedic physicians of the Indian Peninsula already back in 1 500 BCE and in 600 CE as a manifestation of a disease. They characterized inflammation as an elevation, swelling or edema, heaviness, and pain. After this, in 5 CE, a Greek physician introduced the term edema for inflammation. Later on, Aulus Cornelius Celsus (30 BCE–38 CE) described inflammation with four cardinal signs, that is, redness (*rubor*), elevated heat (*calor*), swelling (*tumor*), and pain (*dolor*), as occurring during acute inflammation in response to the localized acute infection or trauma. These four signs are known as Celsus tetrad of inflammation. Galen and later on Virchow (1871), with a more precise definition, introduced the fifth sign of inflammation called loss of function (*functio lasea*) of the affected organ or tissue. The modern term inflammation is derived from the Greek word *inflammare,* 

The present book aims to discuss in detail the pathogenesis of inflammation, in a sterile context and infection-induced inflammation along with advances in its management. The 1st chapter "*Introductory Chapter: The Journey of Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research - Past, Present, and Future*" discusses the history, present studies and future directions of research focused on inflammation and inflammatory diseases. The 2nd chapter titled "*Prolouge: Initial Approach to Edema*" introduces the topic of edema. The 3rd chapter titled "*Peripheral Edema: Differential Diagnosis*" describes the pathogenesis of peripheral edema, including the lower limb edema in different conditions, differential diagnosis, and management. The 4th chapter "*Edema Induced by sPLA2 from* Crotalus durissus terrificus *Involves PLC and PKC Signaling, Activation of cPLA2, and Oxidative Stress*" discusses the pathogenesis of edema induced by *Crotalus durissus terrificus* involving phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) as signaling molecules. The 5th chapter "*Edema Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery*" discusses the management of edema observed during oral and maxillofacial surgery. This chapter is crucial as edema is seen in patients who underwent surgery. The 6th chapter "*Neutrophil Counts and Rates in Otorhinolaryngology*" discusses the importance of neutrophils (potent innate immune cells playing a crucial role in the inflammatory process) in otorhinolaryngology. The 7th chapter "*Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Promising Biomarker in Acute Kidney Injury*" discusses the use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a potential marker for acute kidney injury (AKI). The 8th chapter "*The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Malignant Diseases*" discusses the importance of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the pathogenesis and complications of malignant diseases. NETs are large, extracellular web-like structures comprised of cytosolic and granule proteins assembled on the scaffold of decondensed chromatin, having both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, which trap circulating pathogens during microbial infections. The 9th chapter "*The Role of Introns for the Development of Inflammation-Mediated Cancer Cell*" is of importance and discusses the role of introns in the transformation of normal cell into cancer cell during inflammation. This chapter is intended to discuss the genetic changes involved in the transformation of normal cell into cancer cell during chronic inflammation,

meaning to set on fire.
