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## Meet the editor

Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen (FLS; Gold Medalist) obtained her BSc (Hons) and MSc in Entomology from the University of Karachi, Pakistan, and MAS (Monbusho Scholarship) in Agronomy from Nagoya University, Japan, and a Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Karachi. She is the founder of the Department of Zoology and former controller of examinations at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Hazara University, and

Kohat University of Science and Technology. She is the author of 150 high-impact research papers, 135 abstracts, 40 authored books, 9 chapters, and 9 edited books. She is also a student supervisor. Her fields of interest are entomology, toxicology, forensic entomology.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Murat Helvacı*

Field to Laboratory

*by Zerguine Karima*

**Section 2**

Introductory Chapter: Diptera *by Farzana Perveen and Anzela Khan*

Characteristics of Dipteran Insects

Heads of Asteraceae in the Chaco

**Preface XI**

Introduction to Diptera **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 17**

**Chapter 3 27**

Distinctive Diptera **41**

**Chapter 4 43**

**Chapter 5 57**

**Chapter 6 75**

Diversity of Tephritidae and Agromyzidae (Diptera: Brachycera) in Flower

Feeding by Florivorous Flies (Tephritidae and Agromyzidae) in Flower Heads of Neotropical Asteraceae (Asterales) from Central Brazil *by Manoel A. Uchoa, Morgana F. Wachter-Serapião and Nádia Roque*

*by Manoel A. Uchoa, Anderson S. Fernandes and Jimi N. Nakajima*

Fruit Flies (*Drosophila spp.*) Collection, Handling, and Maintenance:

*by Pragya Topal, Divita Garg and Rajendra S. Fartyal*

Chironomidae: Biology, Ecology and Systematics

### Contents



Preface

This book provides comprehensive and concise knowledge about Diptera, an order of insects that has both useful and harmful aspects for humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Insects of this order act as agricultural pests as well as vectors of diseases and carriers of microorganisms. Control of pests and vectors has become a major issue and crucial factor for future technology that must meet certain requirements to secure the health of humans, animals, and crops. This book

Chapter 1, "Introductory Chapter: Diptera" by Perveen and Khan is an introduction to the order Diptera, an order of single-pair winged insects commonly known as flies or true flies. The chapter also presents the history, classification, external features, economic importance, usefulness, and harmful effects of these insects. It also examines their roles as pests and their medical importance, internal anatomy, and physiology including nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory,

Chapter 2, "Characteristics of Dipteran Insects" by Helvacı discusses fly metamorphosis. Except for mosquitoes, Dipteran insects have sponging mouthparts. Important examples of Dipteran insects are the olive fruit fly, *Bactrocera oleae*  (Rossi) and the Mediterranean fruit fly, *Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann), both of which cause damages in agricultural production. *B. oleae* is the major pest in olive

Chapter 3, "Fruit Flies (*Drosophila spp.*) Collection, Handling, and Maintenance: Field to Laboratory" by Topal et al. discusses Drosophilae, which are versatile, low-maintenance, and non-harming model organisms. They can be easily used in all fields of life sciences like genetics, biotechnology, cancer biology, genomics, reproductive biology, developmental biology, microchemical studies, ecology, and others. This chapter emphasizes techniques of capturing these flies and discusses species-specific baits to catch more yield. The chapter also discusses using culture food media to collect samples and the reasons for using each ingredient in the media. Finally, the chapter highlights basic clues for identifying different species

Chapter 4, "Diversity of Tephritidae and Agromyzidae (Diptera: Brachycera) in Flower Heads of Asteraceae in the Chaco" by Manoel et al. discusses Asteraceae

daisies. There are nearly 24,000 species of Asteraceae herbs and shrubs worldwide that coevolved with several taxa of endophagous insects including Agromyzidae, Ceciidomyidae, Tephritidae, Coleoptera (Apionidae), Hemiptera (Miridae), Lepidoptera (Blastobasidae, Gelechiidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae), and the parasitoids of these insects. Daisy flower heads provide

presents in-depth knowledge and recent advancement in research.

endocrine, and female and male reproductive systems.

production and *C. capitata* cause damages in fruits production.

**Section 1: " Introduction to Diptera"**

and sexes in the field and lab.

**Section 2: "Distinctive Diptera"**
