**1. Introduction**

A variety of humanoid robots have been developed and researched in more than 500 research institutes and universities all over the world. Humanoid robots are robots that have a shape and form resembling that of humans including structural i.e., anatomical similarities such arms and legs as well as facial ones such heads containing eyes and mouths. However the most challenging and complex issue remains the development of the two-legged robots, reliable and capable enough to be meaningful partners to humans, in order to be able to perform actions that humans are capable of, but nevertheless are also needy of having them done all too frequently, especially those of a repetitive kind. Humanoid robots are thus intended to be used repetitive and laborious tasks, frequently more dangerous ones such as permanent inspection, necessary repetitive maintenance ones, especially of a repetitive nature or highly hazardous engagements that may emerge in various types of disasters areas as may be needed in case of emergencies in nuclear power plants.

Professional humanoid robots such as Honda and Sony have made significant advances that have enabled highly-capable humanoid robots [1]. Both companies invested more budget and manpower that enabled the design of small, powered joints that achieve power-to-weight performance unheard of in commercially available servomotors.

rather than reducing people's job opportunities, they contribute to raising living stan-

This is especially the case for collaborative robots, frequently referred to as Cobots, that apply the principle of robotic-type of automation of certain job types with repetitive activities and rather flexible and intelligent adaptations to work procedures. Thus the Cobots indeed contribute significantly in sequential automatic adaptation to job requirements in the common workspace by safely collaborating with human workers especially in job's repetitive and somewhat more menial job segments and tasks that are to be repeated routinely in endless and exhausting work cycles, potentially and especially in more cumbersome and dangerous ones. Due to the intense research and development in the area as well as in AI, by the next decade, the collaborative work and interaction between humans and humanoid robots is expected to become much more refined and indeed much more flexible. The humanoid as well as collaborative robots will develop increasing capacities

dards with new job opportunities not yet imagined and/or visualized clearly.

*Communication and Interaction between Humanoid Robots and Humans*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97334*

of cooperation in specifically designed environment. For example, Toyota is building such a specifically designed urban environment a future city in Shizuoka prefecture. Drones, autonomous buses, taxis and various types of humanoid/collaborative robots will be developed for wider-specter and higher-level collaboration and cooperation with humans. Such a specific environment will expectedly be conceived and designed from scratch in order to provide for such an intense and high-level human-Cobot effective functional coexistence especially in types of

tion environment as well as to the household one. One of the most utilized approaches is learning, interacting and implementing by imitation, by observing

and integrating and functionalizing operator's behavioural patterns.

Indeed this interaction between the humanoid robots and humans is expected to become increasingly natural-felt for end-use consumers i.e., for the humans, both at the household and industrial production frameworks. This is highly probable as humanoid robots are expected to be able to increasingly absorb, capture, integrate and implement processed relevant information, especially as relates to the produc-

This can be expected with significant probability, especially due to the intense development of AI and related interphases that humanoid robots will be increasingly capable of predicting also human emotions in the forms of sounds of sighting and intricate and elaborate facial expressions of human that manifest the quality and intensity of related emotions and then mould it into a collaborative interaction. Advances in artificial intelligence, or the ability of machines to learn by processing vast amounts of data, are doing a rethink i.e., reconsiderations of what is believed that only humans can do. Thus 2018 paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research found "a wide range of perspectives on public discourse, ranging from alarmist forecasts of mass unemployment caused by robots to optimistic

Meta-learning which is implemented by reinforcement learning are the type of biologic models that are most commonly used in human-humanoid robot interaction. However, with the virus pandemic catapulting the world deeper into the fourth industrial revolution, dubbed Industry 4.0 – the ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, with artificial intelligence and robotics, under cover of "social distancing" which has caused an unwelcoming employment

Cashiers, clerks, cooks, waiters, receptionists, security guards, data analysts, tax-preparing personnel and truck drivers are among the jobs often cited as being

crisis for the working poor, with many of their jobs displaced by robots.

**2.1 What jobs could be affected by Artificial Intelligence and robots?**

assembly factory jobs, delivery and security ones as well.

forecasts of job creation."

**115**

Humanoid Robots consists of Artificial Intelligence, sensors, mechatronics, and power. The prime task of humanoid robots nowadays consists in developing capabilities of recognizing visual expressions perceptions, and in view of that to enable addressing appropriately tasks of predicting what emotion the human is having by observing the visual facial expressions of humans. Therefore, all the humanoid robots need to have supplied are the data that will provide sufficient and appropriate information to have processed by means of which they will be able to perform and add to their available spectrum of learning and performing activities. The algorithms and other metrologies, such as Deep Learning, Neural Networks will be responsible to extract the features from these images provided to them.

All of these objectives for humanoid robots present a huge challenge and requirement for processing power and it is to be noted that it is not possible for a humanoid robot to use this kind of huge processing power alone. Therefore, the humanoid robots have to absorb, integrate and indeed capture the information from the surrounding environment and to deploy the cloud which the cloud will process further and feed it back to the humanoid robot.

Multisensory perception, cognition and, man–machine cooperation are technological fields of robotics that are being researched as key technologies today. Theses and processes from the research area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are transferred to robotic systems. Considerable principles of biology serve as role models and recruiting potential for robotics. The highest possible kinematic form of the human body is reproduced with great accuracy. Humanoid, complex mechatronic systems inspired by biology are the prime new field of researching artificial intelligence. The humanoid robots are very interesting not only in their technology but also in its psychological aspects. The visions of science-fiction authors are gradually becoming a reality. That causes - in Europe and America more than in Japan - the number of respective critics of the issue i.e., topic to increase. Some already describe the horror scenarios of humanlike robots who gain power over their masters and lead humanity to its downfall [2–4].

The transformative change to an information and knowledge society will steadily increase the acceptance of complex high-tech devices in the everyday environment of humans. According to the forecast of leading scientists, robots will therefore take on increasingly more and complex tasks in the private sphere of humans in the coming generations.

Fields of application for the species "Humanoid" is expected to continue to be focused on supporting humans in household activities, the elderly and nursing-type of care, or simply in some of entertainment aspects in families and households. They are intended to maintain or further improve the standard of living and amenities of the human environment.

#### **2. Humanoid and collaborative robots replacing humans in work places**

In the not-too-distant future robots are expected to handle a very considerable amount of all tasks and jobs, perhaps even a half of the actual contingent and thus contribute perhaps to leaving an "army" of people unemployed and perhaps getting concerned people considering this aspect very seriously. However, according to, certain views and analysis, in an alternative scenario, the same technologies that revolutionize certain important achievements as in the area of humanoid and collaborative robots,

#### *Communication and Interaction between Humanoid Robots and Humans DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97334*

rather than reducing people's job opportunities, they contribute to raising living standards with new job opportunities not yet imagined and/or visualized clearly.

This is especially the case for collaborative robots, frequently referred to as Cobots, that apply the principle of robotic-type of automation of certain job types with repetitive activities and rather flexible and intelligent adaptations to work procedures. Thus the Cobots indeed contribute significantly in sequential automatic adaptation to job requirements in the common workspace by safely collaborating with human workers especially in job's repetitive and somewhat more menial job segments and tasks that are to be repeated routinely in endless and exhausting work cycles, potentially and especially in more cumbersome and dangerous ones. Due to the intense research and development in the area as well as in AI, by the next decade, the collaborative work and interaction between humans and humanoid robots is expected to become much more refined and indeed much more flexible.

The humanoid as well as collaborative robots will develop increasing capacities of cooperation in specifically designed environment. For example, Toyota is building such a specifically designed urban environment a future city in Shizuoka prefecture. Drones, autonomous buses, taxis and various types of humanoid/collaborative robots will be developed for wider-specter and higher-level collaboration and cooperation with humans. Such a specific environment will expectedly be conceived and designed from scratch in order to provide for such an intense and high-level human-Cobot effective functional coexistence especially in types of assembly factory jobs, delivery and security ones as well.

Indeed this interaction between the humanoid robots and humans is expected to become increasingly natural-felt for end-use consumers i.e., for the humans, both at the household and industrial production frameworks. This is highly probable as humanoid robots are expected to be able to increasingly absorb, capture, integrate and implement processed relevant information, especially as relates to the production environment as well as to the household one. One of the most utilized approaches is learning, interacting and implementing by imitation, by observing and integrating and functionalizing operator's behavioural patterns.

This can be expected with significant probability, especially due to the intense development of AI and related interphases that humanoid robots will be increasingly capable of predicting also human emotions in the forms of sounds of sighting and intricate and elaborate facial expressions of human that manifest the quality and intensity of related emotions and then mould it into a collaborative interaction.

Advances in artificial intelligence, or the ability of machines to learn by processing vast amounts of data, are doing a rethink i.e., reconsiderations of what is believed that only humans can do. Thus 2018 paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research found "a wide range of perspectives on public discourse, ranging from alarmist forecasts of mass unemployment caused by robots to optimistic forecasts of job creation."

Meta-learning which is implemented by reinforcement learning are the type of biologic models that are most commonly used in human-humanoid robot interaction.

However, with the virus pandemic catapulting the world deeper into the fourth industrial revolution, dubbed Industry 4.0 – the ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, with artificial intelligence and robotics, under cover of "social distancing" which has caused an unwelcoming employment crisis for the working poor, with many of their jobs displaced by robots.

#### **2.1 What jobs could be affected by Artificial Intelligence and robots?**

Cashiers, clerks, cooks, waiters, receptionists, security guards, data analysts, tax-preparing personnel and truck drivers are among the jobs often cited as being

Professional humanoid robots such as Honda and Sony have made significant advances that have enabled highly-capable humanoid robots [1]. Both companies invested more budget and manpower that enabled the design of small, powered joints that achieve power-to-weight performance unheard of in commercially

Humanoid Robots consists of Artificial Intelligence, sensors, mechatronics, and power. The prime task of humanoid robots nowadays consists in developing capabilities of recognizing visual expressions perceptions, and in view of that to enable addressing appropriately tasks of predicting what emotion the human is having by observing the visual facial expressions of humans. Therefore, all the humanoid robots need to have supplied are the data that will provide sufficient and appropriate information to have processed by means of which they will be able to perform and add to their available spectrum of learning and performing activities. The algorithms and other metrologies, such as Deep Learning, Neural Networks will be

responsible to extract the features from these images provided to them.

further and feed it back to the humanoid robot.

humans in the coming generations.

nities of the human environment.

**114**

All of these objectives for humanoid robots present a huge challenge and requirement for processing power and it is to be noted that it is not possible for a humanoid robot to use this kind of huge processing power alone. Therefore, the humanoid robots have to absorb, integrate and indeed capture the information from the surrounding environment and to deploy the cloud which the cloud will process

Multisensory perception, cognition and, man–machine cooperation are technological fields of robotics that are being researched as key technologies today. Theses and processes from the research area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are transferred to robotic systems. Considerable principles of biology serve as role models and recruiting potential for robotics. The highest possible kinematic form of the human body is reproduced with great accuracy. Humanoid, complex mechatronic systems inspired by biology are the prime new field of researching artificial intelligence. The humanoid robots are very interesting not only in their technology but also in its psychological aspects. The visions of science-fiction authors are gradually becoming a reality. That causes - in Europe and America more than in Japan - the number of respective critics of the issue i.e., topic to increase. Some already describe the horror scenarios of humanlike robots who gain power over their masters and lead humanity to its downfall [2–4]. The transformative change to an information and knowledge society will steadily increase the acceptance of complex high-tech devices in the everyday environment of humans. According to the forecast of leading scientists, robots will therefore take on increasingly more and complex tasks in the private sphere of

Fields of application for the species "Humanoid" is expected to continue to be focused on supporting humans in household activities, the elderly and nursing-type of care, or simply in some of entertainment aspects in families and households. They are intended to maintain or further improve the standard of living and ame-

**2. Humanoid and collaborative robots replacing humans in work places**

In the not-too-distant future robots are expected to handle a very considerable amount of all tasks and jobs, perhaps even a half of the actual contingent and thus contribute perhaps to leaving an "army" of people unemployed and perhaps getting concerned people considering this aspect very seriously. However, according to, certain views and analysis, in an alternative scenario, the same technologies that revolutionize certain important achievements as in the area of humanoid and collaborative robots,

available servomotors.

*Collaborative and Humanoid Robots*

the most susceptible to these concerns regarding advanced and enhanced development and application of automation.

exist. According to the World Economic Forum some 133 million new positions and job opportunities might be created along these lines However, businesses shouldn't only set out to maximize profit with large scale deployment of automation processes and machines, but they must proactively seek new job opportunities and stimuli for their employees to help them advance their spectre of professional skill sets. Here's

*Communication and Interaction between Humanoid Robots and Humans*

If you have decided to buy a robot you have to search online at different sites such as auction sites, electronic stores and hobby shops, or seek out the components to build the robot type and shape based on your requirements. You will get different prices that depend on the number of sensors and motors, time of the processing

For example, the Walker robot shown in **Figure 1** is an intelligent humanoid robot to ease your everyday household work and making life easier, smarter and more convenient. It has two seven degrees of freedom robotic arms which provide a wide range of arm movements, flexible manipulation and obstacle avoidance by using visual and first sensor. It can also maintain its body language while moving and carrying objects. Using gait planning and control it can adapt to complex surfaces and walk on any surface required easily by using advanced control algorithms and thus it can maintain stable control of its hands and arms while swiftly moving through the surrounding environment. With a new vision navigation system, this robot can recognize contour colour depth and others without any

The first Williams- robot type worked with the now-discontinued Aibo-robot type as shown in **Figure 2**, a dog-like robot manufactured by Sony between 1999

Aibo is a robotic pet that brings warmth with lovable behaviour and delights your everyday life. It is equipped with a 64-bit quad-core CPU which can deliver fast performance and interaction to provide you real dog-like experience. This robot

how to join the robot revolution.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97334*

speed, memory, battery life, and storage, etc.

**2.5 What you'll pay?**

visual aids.

and 2005.

**Figure 1.** *Walker robot [5].*

**117**

Other professions that may be less vulnerable to these side-effects and concerns include surgeons, accountants and financial analysts.

Jobs that require repetitive activities to carry out tasks in a structured environment, mainly in production, are the first to be directly affected by automation.

Since 1980, the number of manufacturing workers in the US has decreased by a third, to about 13 million, while production has doubled.

The newer humanoid robots come equipped with "vision, mobility and learning abilities, doing more tasks". Sophisticated software can conduct phone conversations with clients, for example.

According to a study by the International Machinery Business Institute about 120 million workers in the world's 12 largest economies may need to be retrained in the next three years as a result of automation and Artificial Intelligence,

According to a this year's report from the Brookings Institution's Metropolitan Policy Program found that nearly 36 million Americans hold jobs with "high exposure" to being potentially negatively affected by automation.

It is considered and estimated that by 2030 many people will have to change jobs due to these side-effects of widely deployed automation processes.

#### **2.2 What kind of jobs can be created due to of automation?**

It has always been much easier to identify jobs at risk from technology than to anticipate the new types of jobs that can be created as a result of sweeping automation. Before the advent of the internet and smartphones, it would have been difficult to foresee the need for social media apps or specialists, much less the emergence of, for example, the "YouTube influencer" as a well-paid profession.

#### **2.3 When will all this happen?**

As it is being rather widely reported this has already begun. Thus according to the International Federation of Robotics Sales of professional service robots, those used for non-industrial functions like logistics, inspections, and maintenance have totalled some 271,000 units in 2018 accounting for a 61% increase as compared to the previous year 2017.

#### **2.4 What can people do?**

There is general agreement that human workers will require more education and skills to keep up with technological development and change and get accustomed and ready to change jobs and even professions more often than before, if and when required by the respective technological developments in the area of robotics and automation.

It is clear that there is hardly any rationale in, slowing down, stalling or preventing the expansion of automation processes to be applied for instance in manufacturing factories, by only considering potentially resulting and indeed likely job employment reductions and shedding a as the overall result might turn out to be negative and hence also counterproductive. Experts suggest that people should focus on the enhancement and automation of the production process and tasks being successfully completed rather than on the number of job employment opportunities, especially as automotive repetitive tasks provide more time available for much more creative and productive activities, which can result in the creation of even more new and creative job opportunities and profession that don't currently

*Communication and Interaction between Humanoid Robots and Humans DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97334*

exist. According to the World Economic Forum some 133 million new positions and job opportunities might be created along these lines However, businesses shouldn't only set out to maximize profit with large scale deployment of automation processes and machines, but they must proactively seek new job opportunities and stimuli for their employees to help them advance their spectre of professional skill sets. Here's how to join the robot revolution.

## **2.5 What you'll pay?**

the most susceptible to these concerns regarding advanced and enhanced develop-

Other professions that may be less vulnerable to these side-effects and concerns

Jobs that require repetitive activities to carry out tasks in a structured environment, mainly in production, are the first to be directly affected by automation. Since 1980, the number of manufacturing workers in the US has decreased by a

The newer humanoid robots come equipped with "vision, mobility and learning abilities, doing more tasks". Sophisticated software can conduct phone conversa-

According to a study by the International Machinery Business Institute about 120 million workers in the world's 12 largest economies may need to be retrained in

According to a this year's report from the Brookings Institution's Metropolitan Policy Program found that nearly 36 million Americans hold jobs with "high expo-

It is considered and estimated that by 2030 many people will have to change jobs

It has always been much easier to identify jobs at risk from technology than to anticipate the new types of jobs that can be created as a result of sweeping automation. Before the advent of the internet and smartphones, it would have been difficult to foresee the need for social media apps or specialists, much less the emergence

As it is being rather widely reported this has already begun. Thus according to the International Federation of Robotics Sales of professional service robots, those used for non-industrial functions like logistics, inspections, and maintenance have totalled some 271,000 units in 2018 accounting for a 61% increase as compared to

There is general agreement that human workers will require more education and skills to keep up with technological development and change and get accustomed and ready to change jobs and even professions more often than before, if and when required by the respective technological developments in the area of robotics and

It is clear that there is hardly any rationale in, slowing down, stalling or preventing the expansion of automation processes to be applied for instance in manufacturing factories, by only considering potentially resulting and indeed likely job employment reductions and shedding a as the overall result might turn out to be negative and hence also counterproductive. Experts suggest that people should focus on the enhancement and automation of the production process and tasks being successfully completed rather than on the number of job employment opportunities, especially as automotive repetitive tasks provide more time available for much more creative and productive activities, which can result in the creation of even more new and creative job opportunities and profession that don't currently

the next three years as a result of automation and Artificial Intelligence,

ment and application of automation.

*Collaborative and Humanoid Robots*

tions with clients, for example.

**2.3 When will all this happen?**

the previous year 2017.

automation.

**116**

**2.4 What can people do?**

include surgeons, accountants and financial analysts.

third, to about 13 million, while production has doubled.

sure" to being potentially negatively affected by automation.

due to these side-effects of widely deployed automation processes.

of, for example, the "YouTube influencer" as a well-paid profession.

**2.2 What kind of jobs can be created due to of automation?**

If you have decided to buy a robot you have to search online at different sites such as auction sites, electronic stores and hobby shops, or seek out the components to build the robot type and shape based on your requirements. You will get different prices that depend on the number of sensors and motors, time of the processing speed, memory, battery life, and storage, etc.

For example, the Walker robot shown in **Figure 1** is an intelligent humanoid robot to ease your everyday household work and making life easier, smarter and more convenient. It has two seven degrees of freedom robotic arms which provide a wide range of arm movements, flexible manipulation and obstacle avoidance by using visual and first sensor. It can also maintain its body language while moving and carrying objects. Using gait planning and control it can adapt to complex surfaces and walk on any surface required easily by using advanced control algorithms and thus it can maintain stable control of its hands and arms while swiftly moving through the surrounding environment. With a new vision navigation system, this robot can recognize contour colour depth and others without any visual aids.

The first Williams- robot type worked with the now-discontinued Aibo-robot type as shown in **Figure 2**, a dog-like robot manufactured by Sony between 1999 and 2005.

Aibo is a robotic pet that brings warmth with lovable behaviour and delights your everyday life. It is equipped with a 64-bit quad-core CPU which can deliver fast performance and interaction to provide you real dog-like experience. This robot

**Figure 1.** *Walker robot [5].*

has one main camera and another slanted camera in which animals need to memorize up to 200 different interactions and can recognize and respond appropriately to them. The Aibo-robot is also equipped with six sensors, a motion detector and a lie detector which enables the robot to detect obstacles and move flawlessly around the house. This robot has also four microphones, thus being able to hear and respond accurately to your voice commands. You can get this robot at around three thousand dollars and they are available online.

The Temi robot, as shown in **Figure 3**, is the first robot that interacts with humans while providing a flawless connection between devices and your loved ones. It is equipped with a navigational robot system, 360-degree Lidar, true depth camera, RGB camera, 5 proximity sensors and real-time sensor fusion which analyses data and ensures autonomous navigation through a 3D mapping path, planning obstacle avoidance using detection and tracking its features at 10.1 inches per second. LCD touch colour display with a pixel density up to 225 PPI, comprising a brushless DC motor and planetary gear with which it can autonomously track the face and tilt the screen with accuracy you to interact with a robot with the clarity it has a 13-megapixel high resolution which can record thousands of ATB videos at 30 FPS while providing two-way live conversation with their loved ones. Temi-robot has 20 Watt speakers with high fidelity equalizers which provide the best quality music. It also has four omni-directional i.e., all-directional digital mics with realtime localization, in order to provide the best audio call experience. With built-in Alexa, one can command the TV to play music, place calls, check the weather and even control smartphone devices without leaving your comfort. Temi is a personal robot that you can order and get online for a price of some1500 dollars.
