**3.8 Future applications**

*Collaborative and Humanoid Robots*

pressing a button to install the component.

the task of repairing spark plugs.

ideal position.

workers pick up the components of the boxes and pass them on to the assembly workers, without safety barriers, at the right time and in an ergonomically

• *KUKA's* collaborative robots are used on an assembly line to help workers install shock absorbers: Instead of using a heavy damper installation tool, workers have the robot automatically lift and place the damper on the wheel arch before

• Universal Robots' robotic arms are also used at the Volkswagen factory, where they handle delicate incandescent spark plugs on cylinder heads, allowing for ergonomic design of the factory's workplace, where the employee can complete

• *ŠKODA* production employees work together with robots on high-precision tasks such as inserting the piston of the gear actuator, which is one of the most

delicate processes in the manufacture of transmissions.

**12**

**Figure 3.**

*Types of interaction with the robot.*

Although existing industrial robots can work in challenging environments, perform high-precision tasks, and help improve and increase productivity, most of this is still driven by pre-designed robot commands and programs. Given labor costs and intense competition, there is a huge shortage of autonomous and intelligent robots and physical cyber systems capable of perceiving and deciding in the next application of Industry 4.0. These intelligent robots can analyze their tasks by selecting the right tools, planning their movements, and performing the right operations in the same way that a trained human worker would [17–21].

With the constant advances that occur in robotics and with the demand for new needs that occur in industries, the presence of collaborative robots is increasingly noticeable, especially in those processes that are repetitive and can be divided between a machine and a person.
