Preface

The rapid developments in optical communication and integrated optics have expanded the interest in guided-wave optics, in which optical waveguide and optical fiber play a central role. The guided-wave photonics technology now plays a role in generating and processing information for sensing and other optical device applications in addition to its original application of transmitting information in fiber optic communication. The interaction between the propagating light with the optical fiber material is the foundation of the development of various applications such as optical amplifiers, fiber lasers, sensors, etc. The use and demand for optical fibers have grown in tandem with numerous new applications and this book aims to present the latest research in the field of optical fiber technology.

Chapter 1 investigates the birefringence and polarization mode dispersion characteristics in various commercial single-mode fibers. It is shown that the frequency value has an important role in determining the effectiveness of the optical fiber performance and stability of power delivery applications. Chapter 2 describes the properties of a quantum signal in optical fiber and its application for quantum communication.

Optical fiber sensors, another important application of optical fiber, have also experienced rapid development and attracted tremendous interest in recent years for various practical applications. Compared with the conventional electrical or other types of sensors, fiber sensors have many advantages including their immunity toward electromagnetic interference and their ability to be deployed in a corrosive and volatile environment. Optical fiber can not only transport information acquired by sensors at a high speed and in large volume but can also play the role of a sensing element itself. For instance, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be used for monitoring temperature, strain, water level, humidity, etc. Grating devices in polymer optical fiber (POF) have attracted interest in recent years due to their potential applications in various fields, especially biomedical. Chapter 3 presents the state of the art about fabrication technology of grating devices in different kinds of POFs and explores potential sensing application scenarios, and it focuses on the fabrication of chirped POF-FBG devices and the potential application of such devices.

Chapter 4 shares the development of several optical fiber platforms for an ammonia gas–sensing application based on modifying an optical fiber cladding layer through an etching and tapering process. This modification extends the evanescent wave to propagate outside of the optical fiber and thus enhances its interaction with the analyte. Chapter 5 studies the integration of FBG sensors into a single-channel and a multichannel spectrum-sliced wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (SS-WDM-PON). The operation of both sensor and data transmission systems, over a shared optical distribution network (ODN), is also evaluated to provide stable, high-performance mixed systems in the future.

The use of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) as a means of amplifying signals in telecommunication systems has not been widely used because of the lack of reliable high-power pump sources. Raman fiber laser (RFL) could be used for this application and thus many research works have been devoted to this area in recent years. Chapter 6 presents the analysis of energy transfer among Stokes components in RFS (Raman Fiber Scattering).

> **Sulaiman Wadi Harun** Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

> > **1**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Simulation of Birefringence and

Polarization Mode Dispersion

Commercial Single Mode Fibers

mode dispersion occurring at wavelength of telecommunication regimes.

The use of fiber optic in telecommunication circuits and networks cannot avoid the influence and appearance of waveguide geometry problems such as bending and twisting although the growth and investigation of telecommunication hardware and software components to minimize the negative effects still have rapidly developed over the last 30 years [1–3]. This is observed in the conduct of studies to obtain easier, cheaper, accurate, clear, and low-power solutions and products to transform network components with the expectation of ensuring no interruption while sending photonic signal information [4, 5]. Fiber parameters still experience interference with internal and external factors that result birefringence and polarization mode dispersion. Not only power attenuation and signal defects but also due to material factors and the effect of the power transmitted at a certain

**Keywords:** single mode fiber, birefringence, power loss, wavelength

*Toto Saktioto, Yoli Zairmi, Sopya Erlinda and Velia Veriyanti*

Single mode optical fiber operation for long haul distance communication media has rapidly developed. Several efforts are implemented to reduce and control the attenuation and absorption of signal propagation. However, fiber parameters still experienced interference with internal and external factors that result birefringence and polarization mode dispersion such as bending power losses, signal widening and increasing wavelengths. In order to reduce and optimize the interference which is experimentally difficult to demonstrate because of the very long fibers hence a numerical simulation is set with perspective of twisted fiber disorder as a function of wavelengths and fiber geometry. The simulation evaluates the various refractive indices, radius of fibers and wavelength sources. The quality of optical fiber interference can be identified from the twisted power losses values with different variations of twisted radius. This model obtained indicates the greatest power losses occurring as a function of radius, refractive indices and wavelength. The results show that normalized frequency value has important role in determining the effectiveness the optical fiber performance and stability of power deliver. The addition of wavelength can affect the fibers experiencing birefringence and polarization

Characteristics in Various
