*2.1.3 Inorganic nanomaterials*

*Novel Nanomaterials*

the needs.

**Figure 1.**

**2. Experimental**

*Schematic presentation of a biosensor.*

*2.1.1 Graphdiyne*

*2.1.2 Gold nanostructures*

(GNRs) was performed as follows:

**2.1 Synthesize of the novel nanomaterials**

analysis in vivo. Their reactivity, toughness and other properties are also dependent on their unique shape, size and structure. In addition, the application of nanomaterials to biosensors provides different detection limits depending on the samples to be analyzed and facilitates the adjustment of the sensitivity level according to

The synthesis of the GDY was reported in the literature as follows:

Graphdiyne (GDY) was prepared on the copper surface by a cross-linking reaction using hexaetynylbenzene (HEB) as a monomer. Firstly, hexakis [(trimethylsilyl) ethynyl] benzene (HEB-TMS) was prepared using Negishi cross-linking reaction. Then HEB monomer was obtained by the addition of tetrabutylammonium fluoride into tetrahydrofuran solution of HEB-TMS with stirring at 0°C for 10 minutes. Finally, GDY in the presence of pyridine was successfully grown on the surface of copper foils by a cross-coupling reaction of the HEB monomer for 72 hours at 60°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. After the reaction was completed, GDY grown on copper foils was removed by ultrasonic treatment and concentrated by rotary evaporator, and then washed with heated acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide. The GDY powder was refluxed with dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively at 80°C for 3 hours. It was then washed repeatedly and centrifuged. Finally, black GDY powder was obtained by centrifugation and drying vacuum [8].

According to the modified El-Sayed method the synthesis of the gold nanorods

Ttwo solutions were prepared as seed solution and growth solution. For the seed solution, ice-cold sodium borohydride (NaBH4) (0.3 mL, 0.01 M) was added to the solution mixture containing hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4) (0.5 mM) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (0.2 M) in a volume ratio of 1:1, and the entire reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature for 3 hours. For the growth solution, a 200 mL solution containing HAuCl4 (0.5 mM) and CTAB (0.1 M) was made and 6 mL of silver nitrate (AgNO3) (4 mM) was added to it. Following this, 0.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (1 mL) and 0.0788 M ascorbic acid (1.4 mL) were

**172**

The synthesis of Zirconium Phosphate Nanoparticle (ZrP-NP) is described in this section as one of the inorganic nanomaterials.

Zirconium Phosphate (ZrP), one of the inorganic nanomaterials, has been synthesized by hydrothermal process. First, 1.6 g of ZrOCl2.8H2O was added to 30 mL of DI water and stirred continuously. Then 15 M H3PO4 (10 mL) was added to this prepared solution and stirred continuously for 30 minutes. The solution was transferred to a hydrothermal autoclave (50 mL) and heated in an air oven at 200°C for 24 hours. The products obtained were collected by centrifugation and washed several times with ethanol and deionized water. In the last step, the purified ZrP powder was dried in an air oven at 50°C [10].
