**3.1 Construction of the contact and separation mode Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENG devices**

The construction and the functioning principle of the contact and separation Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENGs were discussed [20–21]. A methodical understanding of Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENGs are designated in diverse studies. Here, the building of the typical TENG models are depicted in **Figure 2**. First, the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG was developed by attributing the SO3H.Bno-Spi membrane with the sizes of 2 cm x 2 cm = 4 cm<sup>2</sup> on an Aluminum (Al) conductor. Next, the SO3H.Bno-Spi-Al conductor was glued to soft sponge to reduce the reflecting strength during experiment. First, a load cell was linked to the top of the Al

#### **Figure 2.**

*Schematic illustration of a dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs aimed at robust contact electrification through vertical contact and separation style.*

**145**

at 6 Hz (**Figure 2**).

*3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators*

conductor. Secondly, the Al conductor was placed on the PTFE (or) PVDF film with similar dimensions along with soft sponge and a linear oscillator connected to a DC motor with an eccentric arrangement steadily fluctuated on a linear slider. The extreme swinging amplitude is 4 cm. The higher portion of the Bno-Spi (or) wCF-PANI.ES films (load cell, and Al) was then postponed by a cantilever style shaft of light that is connected to the linear slider. The cautious setting of the complete arrangement lead to in a slender contact between the upper and lower films while the slider oscillation is consistent. The similar protocol was followed for the all designated TENGs such as SO3Li. Bno-Spi-Al, SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi-Al, and

**4.1 Dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contact-electrification using a vertical contact-separation approach through ions and electrons charge** 

In this study, for the first time, we motivated to use, a Bno-Spi-TENG as a real ion, and electron-transfer route with a counter electronegative

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface for the contact-separation electrification process [29, 30]. The anticipated novel Bno-Spi-TENG shown superior characteristics which have a special π-π stacked layer-on-layer oligomer morphology with an alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic network with representative regular nano-channels that are comprising with -SO3H or SO3Li ionic electrets for active ions transfer, and inter-connected merged aromatic sextets with imides bridges for electrons transfer, respectively. The robust coordination can empower the Bno-Spi-TENG to endure the time-honored electrostatic potential on the contact surface which displays an inequality between the number of protons (cations), and electron on the targeted surface. Moreover, Bno-Spi film displays an ions hopping mechanism at hydrophilic -SO3H or SO3Li centers through ion charge electrets, and at the same time, the hydrophobic π-π stacking network can prompt the triboelectric open-circuit voltage Voc, and short circuit currents Jsc, individually. The induced charges on the Bno-Spi surface are comparative to its surface area and are close to the theoretical limit levied by the dielectric breakdown by air [30]. However, a noteworthy claim was shown to enhance the triboelectric polarity by fluctuating their surface morphologies, chemical construction, and interpenetration of ionic groups within the polymer network. The projected novel polymeric Bno-Spi-TENGs might show robust chemical steadiness, stretchable modulus, and strength to improve the triboelectric current [31]. The electric out-puts through altered frequencies of contact-separation manner have shown the increased Voc and Jsc of 75 V, and 1 μA

**4.2 Mechanism of the dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contactelectrification through hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels**

In this study, for the first time, we motivated to use, a Bno-Spi-TENG is an effective ion and electron-transfer root with a counter electronegative PTFE film for the contact-separation electrification process [29, 30]. The anticipated novel Bno-Spi-TENG shown superior characteristics which have a superior π-π stacked layer-on-layer oligomeric morphology with an alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic network with representative regular nano-channels that are comprising with -SO3H, or SO3Li ionic electrets for active ions transfer, and inter-connected merged

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324*

wCF-PANI.ES-Al TENGs.

**4. Results and discussion**

**transfer**

*3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324*

conductor. Secondly, the Al conductor was placed on the PTFE (or) PVDF film with similar dimensions along with soft sponge and a linear oscillator connected to a DC motor with an eccentric arrangement steadily fluctuated on a linear slider. The extreme swinging amplitude is 4 cm. The higher portion of the Bno-Spi (or) wCF-PANI.ES films (load cell, and Al) was then postponed by a cantilever style shaft of light that is connected to the linear slider. The cautious setting of the complete arrangement lead to in a slender contact between the upper and lower films while the slider oscillation is consistent. The similar protocol was followed for the all designated TENGs such as SO3Li. Bno-Spi-Al, SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi-Al, and wCF-PANI.ES-Al TENGs.

### **4. Results and discussion**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

**TENG devices**

with the sizes of 2 cm x 2 cm = 4 cm<sup>2</sup>

then the triboelectric effect is triggered as shown in **Figure 1c**. While approaching and leaving the top surface, the generated electric field is distributed through charged surfaces when they change. Then, the change in potential difference occurs between the bottom electrode and the ground. Subsequently, electrons can

**Figure 1d** shows the moving electrode surface which is a dielectric layer, and the two electrodes were positioned in the similar horizontal direction. The distance between the two symmetric electrodes is lesser than the length of the dielectric layer. The state of the dielectric layer and electrode are the same as in the lateralsliding mode. Once the movement starts, simultaneously, the dielectric layer and bottom electrodes are charged oppositely as mentioned earlier. During movement the dielectric layer is sliding forward and backward, the potential difference is triggered between the two electrodes owing to the change of the affected area, and

**3.1 Construction of the contact and separation mode Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES** 

The construction and the functioning principle of the contact and separation Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENGs were discussed [20–21]. A methodical understanding of Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENGs are designated in diverse studies. Here, the building of the typical TENG models are depicted in **Figure 2**. First, the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG was developed by attributing the SO3H.Bno-Spi membrane

the SO3H.Bno-Spi-Al conductor was glued to soft sponge to reduce the reflecting strength during experiment. First, a load cell was linked to the top of the Al

*Schematic illustration of a dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs aimed at robust contact electrification through* 

on an Aluminum (Al) conductor. Next,

exchange between them to maintain the potential change [25, 26].

**2.4 Freestanding triboelectric-layer style**

drives the electron exchanges between them [27, 28].

**3. Experimental and methods of fabrication**

**144**

**Figure 2.**

*vertical contact and separation style.*

### **4.1 Dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contact-electrification using a vertical contact-separation approach through ions and electrons charge transfer**

In this study, for the first time, we motivated to use, a Bno-Spi-TENG as a real ion, and electron-transfer route with a counter electronegative Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface for the contact-separation electrification process [29, 30]. The anticipated novel Bno-Spi-TENG shown superior characteristics which have a special π-π stacked layer-on-layer oligomer morphology with an alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic network with representative regular nano-channels that are comprising with -SO3H or SO3Li ionic electrets for active ions transfer, and inter-connected merged aromatic sextets with imides bridges for electrons transfer, respectively. The robust coordination can empower the Bno-Spi-TENG to endure the time-honored electrostatic potential on the contact surface which displays an inequality between the number of protons (cations), and electron on the targeted surface. Moreover, Bno-Spi film displays an ions hopping mechanism at hydrophilic -SO3H or SO3Li centers through ion charge electrets, and at the same time, the hydrophobic π-π stacking network can prompt the triboelectric open-circuit voltage Voc, and short circuit currents Jsc, individually. The induced charges on the Bno-Spi surface are comparative to its surface area and are close to the theoretical limit levied by the dielectric breakdown by air [30]. However, a noteworthy claim was shown to enhance the triboelectric polarity by fluctuating their surface morphologies, chemical construction, and interpenetration of ionic groups within the polymer network. The projected novel polymeric Bno-Spi-TENGs might show robust chemical steadiness, stretchable modulus, and strength to improve the triboelectric current [31]. The electric out-puts through altered frequencies of contact-separation manner have shown the increased Voc and Jsc of 75 V, and 1 μA at 6 Hz (**Figure 2**).

#### **4.2 Mechanism of the dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contactelectrification through hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels**

In this study, for the first time, we motivated to use, a Bno-Spi-TENG is an effective ion and electron-transfer root with a counter electronegative PTFE film for the contact-separation electrification process [29, 30]. The anticipated novel Bno-Spi-TENG shown superior characteristics which have a superior π-π stacked layer-on-layer oligomeric morphology with an alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic network with representative regular nano-channels that are comprising with -SO3H, or SO3Li ionic electrets for active ions transfer, and inter-connected merged aromatic sextets with imides bridges for electrons transfer, respectively. The vigorous arrangement could allow the Bno-Spi-TENG to bear the enduring electrostatic potential on the contact surface which shows an imbalance between the numbers of electrons. For the first time, we have examined the mechanism of contact electrification procedure in two methods among the Bno-Spi films (i.e. SO3H.Bno-Spi, SO3Li.Bno-Spi, and SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi) as a positive layer, and PTFE as a negative TENG layer. At this point, the projected Bno-Spi-TENGs have been fabricated with interchanged hydrophilic, and hydrophobic nano-channels for the generation of high-throughput Voc, and Isc [32].

The mechanistic approach of sulfonic acid (SO3H) group was attached to the backbone of Bno, during the triboelectric process, when they interact with an adjacent fluorocarbon (-CF2) of PTFE polymer chain has comprised the splitting of the -SO3H, or -SO3Li into positive H<sup>+</sup> protons or Li+ ions, and negative SO3 − ions. Consequently, the H<sup>+</sup> protons or Li+ ions attract momentarily on the C–F to form a temporary chemical bond by the transition state of [C+ ---F----- H+ or Li+ ---SO3 − - ---C] to transfer the charges through an ionic mechanism between two surfaces. In certain, the charge-transfer application was approved in three steps (**Figure 3**) [33–36]. In the Step 1, the Bno-Spi, and PTFE surfaces have generated initial

#### **Figure 3.**

*The mechanistic approach of Bno-Spi-TENGs through chemical reaction pathways for the ions and electrons transfer at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels, respectively, by contact-separation mode TENG.*

**147**

*3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators*

charges on their surfaces where the ions from -SO3H or -SO3Li of the Bno-Spi, and CF2 groups on PTFE. The Bno-Spi can produce the temporary charge-transfers through ion transfer mechanism at hydrophilic sites through nano-channels, and electron transfer at the hydrophobic nano-channels. In Step-2, when the PTFE was

and π-electrons at hydrophobic nano-channels of SO3H.Bno-Spi- or SO3Li.Bno-Spi was induced by electrostatic field effect. Thus, the projected Bno-Spi-TENG was produced electric charges through ions, and electrons from both surfaces. In Step-3,

wherein transition state, and forms a momentary ion bridge. In the four, while detaching of electrodes, the generated electric TENG charges were excited through π-π bonds in aromatic ring systems through hydrophobic nano-channels were moved into Bno-Spi-TENGs, and the net negative charges are remain the same on PTFE surface. This TENG process is continued during the contact and separation

the maximum instantaneous power of SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENGs, and SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs were reached to 71.4 μW, 18.07 μW, and

ingly. The numerical characterization of the output performance has presented from SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG is 8 folds higher than SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENG, and 1.8 folds higher than that of SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG since the ion sizes were enlarged

the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs is significantly larger over the corresponding SO3H.TEA-

In this study, we established a self-effacing and movable self-powered contact-separation approach that includes coil-aided Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG such as positive interaction superficial surface, and PVDF membrane as a negative triboelectric electrode. The established Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG presented special appearances such as inner π-π stacking's network, and amidic connections together with quaternary anilinium ions that are linking between each monomer of aniline blocks. The width, and resistivity of the Wcf-Pani.Es deposition are 0.65 μm, and 0.324 Ω which are determined by four-point probe method [21]. Owing to this morphology, the Wcf-Pani.Es is showed a huge superficial zone which is increasing the output presentation of the TENG. The established innovative Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG is revealed a short circuit current (I*sc*) of

10.89 μW at 20 MΩ conforming to the power density of 17.85 μW/cm2

Bno-Spi-TENGs and SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENGs (**Figure 4**) [36–39].

**4.3 Electric impulse spring-assisted contact separation mode TENG**

~180 μA, and the open-circuit voltage (V*oc*) of 95 V (**Figure 5**) [40–45].

triboelectrification process, the formation of H+

are in full contact mode, the H+

transition bond of PVDF---F-----H<sup>+</sup>

**4.4 Ions transfer mechanism of contact-separation of Wcf-Pani.Es TENG**

**Figure 6** showed the mechanistic approach between Pani.Es and PVDF where the electric charges were reorganized when the electrification happens. During the

F- ions from PVDF interact to induce opposite charges. Successively, when they

(0.0045 W/m2

The SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs have shown the V*oc* and J*sc* of 75 V, and 1 μA, 43 V, and 0.6 μA, and 9 V, and 0.13 μA at applied frequency of 6 Hz, correspondingly. The V*oc,* and J*sc* of SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs have shown upto 733%, and 669% concerning SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs

), and 2.72 μW/cm2

> SO3H.TEA. It was strongly recommended that the competence of

ions remains very high on the device surface. Therefore,

(0.0272 W/m<sup>2</sup>

protons from Pani.Es, and adjacent

ions are attracted temporarily on the C-F to form a


ions were at hydrophilic nano-channels,

ions from the Bno-Spi surfaces into PTFE

(0.1785 W/

), correspond-

protons or Li+

protons or Li+

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324*

brought into contact, the H<sup>+</sup>

during transporting of H<sup>+</sup>

since the movement of H+

), 4.515 μW/cm2

> Li+

process [20].

m2

from H+

#### *3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324*

charges on their surfaces where the ions from -SO3H or -SO3Li of the Bno-Spi, and CF2 groups on PTFE. The Bno-Spi can produce the temporary charge-transfers through ion transfer mechanism at hydrophilic sites through nano-channels, and electron transfer at the hydrophobic nano-channels. In Step-2, when the PTFE was brought into contact, the H<sup>+</sup> protons or Li+ ions were at hydrophilic nano-channels, and π-electrons at hydrophobic nano-channels of SO3H.Bno-Spi- or SO3Li.Bno-Spi was induced by electrostatic field effect. Thus, the projected Bno-Spi-TENG was produced electric charges through ions, and electrons from both surfaces. In Step-3, during transporting of H<sup>+</sup> protons or Li+ ions from the Bno-Spi surfaces into PTFE wherein transition state, and forms a momentary ion bridge. In the four, while detaching of electrodes, the generated electric TENG charges were excited through π-π bonds in aromatic ring systems through hydrophobic nano-channels were moved into Bno-Spi-TENGs, and the net negative charges are remain the same on PTFE surface. This TENG process is continued during the contact and separation process [20].

The SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs have shown the V*oc* and J*sc* of 75 V, and 1 μA, 43 V, and 0.6 μA, and 9 V, and 0.13 μA at applied frequency of 6 Hz, correspondingly. The V*oc,* and J*sc* of SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs have shown upto 733%, and 669% concerning SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs since the movement of H+ ions remains very high on the device surface. Therefore, the maximum instantaneous power of SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENGs, and SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs were reached to 71.4 μW, 18.07 μW, and 10.89 μW at 20 MΩ conforming to the power density of 17.85 μW/cm2 (0.1785 W/ m2 ), 4.515 μW/cm2 (0.0045 W/m2 ), and 2.72 μW/cm2 (0.0272 W/m<sup>2</sup> ), correspondingly. The numerical characterization of the output performance has presented from SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG is 8 folds higher than SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENG, and 1.8 folds higher than that of SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG since the ion sizes were enlarged from H+ > Li+ > SO3H.TEA. It was strongly recommended that the competence of the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs is significantly larger over the corresponding SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs and SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENGs (**Figure 4**) [36–39].

## **4.3 Electric impulse spring-assisted contact separation mode TENG**

In this study, we established a self-effacing and movable self-powered contact-separation approach that includes coil-aided Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG such as positive interaction superficial surface, and PVDF membrane as a negative triboelectric electrode. The established Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG presented special appearances such as inner π-π stacking's network, and amidic connections together with quaternary anilinium ions that are linking between each monomer of aniline blocks. The width, and resistivity of the Wcf-Pani.Es deposition are 0.65 μm, and 0.324 Ω which are determined by four-point probe method [21]. Owing to this morphology, the Wcf-Pani.Es is showed a huge superficial zone which is increasing the output presentation of the TENG. The established innovative Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG is revealed a short circuit current (I*sc*) of ~180 μA, and the open-circuit voltage (V*oc*) of 95 V (**Figure 5**) [40–45].

#### **4.4 Ions transfer mechanism of contact-separation of Wcf-Pani.Es TENG**

**Figure 6** showed the mechanistic approach between Pani.Es and PVDF where the electric charges were reorganized when the electrification happens. During the triboelectrification process, the formation of H+ protons from Pani.Es, and adjacent F- ions from PVDF interact to induce opposite charges. Successively, when they are in full contact mode, the H+ ions are attracted temporarily on the C-F to form a transition bond of PVDF---F-----H<sup>+</sup> ---Pani.Es to transmit the charges through an

*Novel Nanomaterials*

high-throughput Voc, and Isc [32].

Consequently, the H<sup>+</sup>

of the -SO3H, or -SO3Li into positive H<sup>+</sup>

protons or Li+

temporary chemical bond by the transition state of [C+

aromatic sextets with imides bridges for electrons transfer, respectively. The vigorous arrangement could allow the Bno-Spi-TENG to bear the enduring electrostatic potential on the contact surface which shows an imbalance between the numbers of electrons. For the first time, we have examined the mechanism of contact electrification procedure in two methods among the Bno-Spi films (i.e. SO3H.Bno-Spi, SO3Li.Bno-Spi, and SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi) as a positive layer, and PTFE as a negative TENG layer. At this point, the projected Bno-Spi-TENGs have been fabricated with interchanged hydrophilic, and hydrophobic nano-channels for the generation of

The mechanistic approach of sulfonic acid (SO3H) group was attached to the backbone of Bno, during the triboelectric process, when they interact with an adjacent fluorocarbon (-CF2) of PTFE polymer chain has comprised the splitting


*The mechanistic approach of Bno-Spi-TENGs through chemical reaction pathways for the ions and electrons transfer at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels, respectively, by contact-separation mode TENG.*

protons or Li+

ions, and negative SO3

or Li+

ions attract momentarily on the C–F to form a


− ions.


**146**

**Figure 3.**

#### **Figure 4.**

*(a), (c), and (e) open circuit voltages Voc and (b), (d), and (f) short-circuit currents Jsc of Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi-TENG in contradiction of PTFE film at 3 Hz, 4 Hz, 5 Hz, and 6 Hz, respectively. Inset: An enlarged view of the signals when the Bno-Spi-TENGs were interacts with PTFE surface.*

ionic passage or temporary chelation between the two films [46]. The charge-transfer mechanism is carried out in four steps. Step 1, it represents the Wcf-Pani.Es, and PVDF membrane are display an early charges on their surfaces through NH+ and F− positioned on the Wcf-Pani.Es and PVDF, respectively. Step 2, when the PVDF membrane was carried into interaction, the H+ protons of Wcf-Pani.Es are induced by the electrostatic field effect. Therefore, the electric charges by H+ protons and F− ions can generate in both films. Step 3, shows the transferring of H<sup>+</sup> protons is occur from the Wcf-Pani.Es surface into PVDF during the transition state, and form a temporary ion bridge between them. Step 4, during the separation process, the two oppositely charged surfaces induced a potential variance, and to minimize

**149**

**Figure 6.**

*they contact separated each other.*

**Figure 5.**

*3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators*

*Schematic illustration of electric impulse coil-aided contact separation style TENG. Stage 1. Chemical alteration of Wcf-Pani.Es film (a) woven carbon fiber mat (Wcf); b) chemically oxidized woven carbon fiber mat (Wcf-COOH); c) construction of Wcf-Pani.Es composite through electrostatic connections with aniline monomer, and in-situ oxidative polymerization using (NH4)2.S2O8. Stage 2. a) the actual archetypal of coilaided TENG, (inset nanoporous PVDF membrane (upper) and variable Wcf-Pani.Es nano-pillared composite* 

*The mechanism pathway of ions that are prompted between negative PVDF, and wCF-PANI.ES surfaces when* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324*

*(lower) and their inset SEM pictures. b) Voc, and c) Isc.*

*3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95324*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

**148**

F−

**Figure 4.**

*were interacts with PTFE surface.*

F−

ionic passage or temporary chelation between the two films [46]. The charge-transfer mechanism is carried out in four steps. Step 1, it represents the Wcf-Pani.Es, and

*(a), (c), and (e) open circuit voltages Voc and (b), (d), and (f) short-circuit currents Jsc of Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi-TENG in contradiction of PTFE film at 3 Hz, 4 Hz, 5 Hz, and 6 Hz, respectively. Inset: An enlarged view of the signals when the Bno-Spi-TENGs* 

positioned on the Wcf-Pani.Es and PVDF, respectively. Step 2, when the PVDF

and

protons and

protons is

protons of Wcf-Pani.Es are induced

PVDF membrane are display an early charges on their surfaces through NH+

by the electrostatic field effect. Therefore, the electric charges by H+

ions can generate in both films. Step 3, shows the transferring of H<sup>+</sup>

occur from the Wcf-Pani.Es surface into PVDF during the transition state, and form a temporary ion bridge between them. Step 4, during the separation process, the two oppositely charged surfaces induced a potential variance, and to minimize

membrane was carried into interaction, the H+

*Schematic illustration of electric impulse coil-aided contact separation style TENG. Stage 1. Chemical alteration of Wcf-Pani.Es film (a) woven carbon fiber mat (Wcf); b) chemically oxidized woven carbon fiber mat (Wcf-COOH); c) construction of Wcf-Pani.Es composite through electrostatic connections with aniline monomer, and in-situ oxidative polymerization using (NH4)2.S2O8. Stage 2. a) the actual archetypal of coilaided TENG, (inset nanoporous PVDF membrane (upper) and variable Wcf-Pani.Es nano-pillared composite (lower) and their inset SEM pictures. b) Voc, and c) Isc.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*The mechanism pathway of ions that are prompted between negative PVDF, and wCF-PANI.ES surfaces when they contact separated each other.*

these differences, the flow of electrons emerged between two electrodes. For the validation of the automatic investigations, we achieved a measureable analysis of the out-put presentation of Wcf-Pani.Es [47–49].
