**5. Conclusions**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

**Es-TENGs**

these differences, the flow of electrons emerged between two electrodes. For the validation of the automatic investigations, we achieved a measureable analysis of

**4.5 Demonstration of output presentation of Wcf, Wcf-COOH, and Wcf-Pani.**

*The Voc, and Isc in different input circumstances in open circuit arrangements. The Voc, and Isc of (a, b)* 

*Wcf-TENG, (c, d) Wcf-COOH-TENG, and (e, f) Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG.*

Initially, we inspected the performance of the Wcf, Wcf-TENG, and Wcf-COOH-TENG in contradiction of PVDF membrane through the contact-separation style technique at numerous applied regularities of 1 Hz, 3 Hz, and 5 Hz, correspondingly, is depicted in **Figure 7**. **Figure 7a** and **b** showed the V*oc,* and I*sc* of Wcf-TENG were at −2.5 V to 2.7 V, and 170 nA to −171 nA, −2.3 V to +3.1 V, and 225 nA to −221 nA, and 2.4 V to −3.7 V, and 326 nA to −328 nA at 1 Hz, 3 Hz, and 5 Hz, correspondingly, upon regular contact and separation of electrodes. Subsequently, the examination remained discovered the V*oc,* and I*sc* of Wcf-COOH-TENG have shown 3.7 V to −4.1 V, and 0.2 μA to −0.6 μA, 4.6 V to −6.4 V and 0.5 μA to −1.3 μA, and

the out-put presentation of Wcf-Pani.Es [47–49].

**150**

**Figure 7.**

To develop novel technologies for the harvesting of energy, TENG is an alternative mode of technology by collecting trillions of electrons combining. These electrons are collectively obtained from various smart materials that contain high characteristic features such as flexibility, thinness and durability, long self-life, high power density, and reproducibility to harvest clean energy. Besides, TENGs can be used to transform physical characteristics such as pressure contact mode, sliding mode, and single electrode mode of features for the accumulation of energies at sub-molecular levels. Based on our novel technologies, the self-powered energy systems have given the higher out-put performance of voltage and currents. The proposed Bno-Spi-TENG and Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG are highly durable and can be used with a lower speed of contact separation modes to generate the desired amount of voltage and I*sc*. The systematic method created on the ionic electrets mechanism on the superficial electric potential of the polymeric surface has been maintained the generation of Voc and Isc from our developed novel TENGs. The established Bno-Spi-TENGs have been transported together ions, and electrons through ion, and electron transfer device when they communicated each other through PTFE. The H+ protons or Li+ ions attract temporarily on the C–F of PTFE surface to form a transition state of [C+ ----F---- H+ or Li+−---SO3----C] bond to transfer the charges through ionic mechanism between two active TENG films. In particular, the rate of transmission of H<sup>+</sup> protons, and Li+ ions from the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3Li. Bno-Spi-TENG surfaces have achieved huge voltage, and currents owing to the presence of the SO3H and SO3Li ionic clusters involved to hydrophilic nanochannels, and effective electron transfer arisen at the hydrophobic nanochannels. Also, Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG showed extraordinarily vigorous, and reliable energy gathering presentations owing to mechanically strong material assets of woven carbon fibers chemically changed by the Pani nano-flakes using a simple chemical process, this Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG has shown a great potential for self-powered TENGs even under numerous strict surroundings, and in distinct medical applications without harmful effects.

#### **Acknowledgements**

There is no funding support for this book chapter.

#### **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

*Novel Nanomaterials*
