*3.1.2 deNOx reaction*

The decomposition reaction of NO2 and NO or NOx is a type of reaction that uses a selective catalyst reduction (Selective Catalyst Reduction). In general, the catalyst (SCR) is used to reduce NOx, COx, and SOx emissions with the ability to reduce more than 90% of emission gases from boilers [53], power stations [54], and motorized vehicles [55] to be applicable. The results of the deNOx reaction research conducted by our team are presented in **Figure 13** below.

The NO2 conversion results obtained using NiO/LaCrO3 nanocatalyst (**Figure 13a**) is relatively better than those obtained using Fe/Zeolite Catalyst (**Figure 13b**) at the same reactant conditions and reaction temperature ranges.

#### **3.2 Photocatalysis**

Photocatalytic reactions are catalytic reactions that take place with the help of photon energy, so they are often called catalytic reactions - photonics. This reaction has been going on for a long time while the development is taking quite a while. It was a German chemist, Dr. Alexander Eibner who is firstly doing research in photocatalysis by irradiated ZnO in a concentrated Prussian blue solution and the solution became clear [58, 59]. Then, it has grown rapidly from 1964 until now, for various chemical reactions such as the production of hydrogen gas [60], and to photosynthetic-mimic reactions [61, 62]. Furthermore, our research related to photocatalysis is described below.

#### *3.2.1 Dyes decomposition reaction*

The textile and other industries usually use dyes in their products to make them look attractive. However, the remaining dyes have gone through a waste treatment process, especially in large factories but not necessarily in medium and small factories. As usual, the dye waste is thrown away into water bodies such as rivers and seas. Since the dye waste is very toxic and difficult to degrade naturally, so it can disturb the aquatic biota. One of the dyes that difficult to degrade and widely used in the small batik textile industry (home industry) is methylene golden yellow. Our research team also studied the decomposition of these dye compounds using NiFe2O4 nanocatalysts stimulated by sunlight and UV rays. An example of the result of the decomposition reaction is shown in **Figure 14** below [44].

**55**

**4. Conclusion**

**Figure 15.**

*Preparation of Hollow Nanostructures via Various Methods and Their Applications*

In the decomposition reaction of the remazol golden yellow dye under solar and UV irradiation, as shown in **Figure 14**, the difference in activity occurs because of sunlight contains UV rays and the nanocatalysts are active for both rays [63].

*RGY decomposition using NiFe2O4 nano hollow catalyst under the irradiated light of: (a) Sun, and (b) UV.*

This type of reaction was studied considering the abundant availability of residual raw materials for agri-industrial products in Lampung Province and various conversion results such as glucose, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol to fuel alcohol. The research team's target in the conversion of cellulose is a sugar alcohol, and the reaction takes place at room temperature and is environmentally friendly. The

The brief description of nano hollow materials presented in this paper is basically to provide an overview of the potential for nano hollow materials in managing

*Results of nano cellulose conversion (a) and the chromatogram of alcohol sugar (b) using HPLC [64].*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95272*

*3.2.2 Cellulose conversion reaction*

**Figure 14.**

results achieved are shown in **Figure 15** below.

**Figure 13.** *Decomposition of NOx using catalysts (a) NiO/LaCrO3 [56], and (b) Fe/Zeolite [57].*

*Preparation of Hollow Nanostructures via Various Methods and Their Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95272*

**Figure 14.** *RGY decomposition using NiFe2O4 nano hollow catalyst under the irradiated light of: (a) Sun, and (b) UV.*

In the decomposition reaction of the remazol golden yellow dye under solar and UV irradiation, as shown in **Figure 14**, the difference in activity occurs because of sunlight contains UV rays and the nanocatalysts are active for both rays [63].

#### *3.2.2 Cellulose conversion reaction*

*Novel Nanomaterials*

*3.1.2 deNOx reaction*

**3.2 Photocatalysis**

photocatalysis is described below.

*3.2.1 Dyes decomposition reaction*

The decomposition reaction of NO2 and NO or NOx is a type of reaction that uses a selective catalyst reduction (Selective Catalyst Reduction). In general, the catalyst (SCR) is used to reduce NOx, COx, and SOx emissions with the ability to reduce more than 90% of emission gases from boilers [53], power stations [54], and motorized vehicles [55] to be applicable. The results of the deNOx reaction research

The NO2 conversion results obtained using NiO/LaCrO3 nanocatalyst (**Figure 13a**) is relatively better than those obtained using Fe/Zeolite Catalyst (**Figure 13b**) at the

Photocatalytic reactions are catalytic reactions that take place with the help of photon energy, so they are often called catalytic reactions - photonics. This reaction has been going on for a long time while the development is taking quite a while. It was a German chemist, Dr. Alexander Eibner who is firstly doing research in photocatalysis by irradiated ZnO in a concentrated Prussian blue solution and the solution became clear [58, 59]. Then, it has grown rapidly from 1964 until now, for various chemical reactions such as the production of hydrogen gas [60], and to photosynthetic-mimic reactions [61, 62]. Furthermore, our research related to

The textile and other industries usually use dyes in their products to make them

look attractive. However, the remaining dyes have gone through a waste treatment process, especially in large factories but not necessarily in medium and small factories. As usual, the dye waste is thrown away into water bodies such as rivers and seas. Since the dye waste is very toxic and difficult to degrade naturally, so it can disturb the aquatic biota. One of the dyes that difficult to degrade and widely used in the small batik textile industry (home industry) is methylene golden yellow. Our research team also studied the decomposition of these dye compounds using NiFe2O4 nanocatalysts stimulated by sunlight and UV rays. An example of the result

conducted by our team are presented in **Figure 13** below.

same reactant conditions and reaction temperature ranges.

**54**

**Figure 13.**

*Decomposition of NOx using catalysts (a) NiO/LaCrO3 [56], and (b) Fe/Zeolite [57].*

of the decomposition reaction is shown in **Figure 14** below [44].

This type of reaction was studied considering the abundant availability of residual raw materials for agri-industrial products in Lampung Province and various conversion results such as glucose, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol to fuel alcohol. The research team's target in the conversion of cellulose is a sugar alcohol, and the reaction takes place at room temperature and is environmentally friendly. The results achieved are shown in **Figure 15** below.

**Figure 15.** *Results of nano cellulose conversion (a) and the chromatogram of alcohol sugar (b) using HPLC [64].*
