*2.1.10 Nanodiamonds*

*Novel Nanomaterials*

substrate [13].

*2.1.7 DNAzyme*

electrophoresis [14].

*2.1.8 Carbon Nanodots*

water, and stored at 4°C for later use [15].

1 percent of total production in this country [16].

*2.1.9 Carbon black nanomaterials*

literature [15].

and remove the Y-DNA nanostructure. ssDNAs were dissolved in hybridization buffer at 10 μM final concentration per sequence and annealed to form the desired Y-shaped DNA: annealed at 95°C for 2 minutes, cooled to 65°C and incubated for 5 minutes, followed by 2 minutes while its temperature dropped to 60°C and cooled to 20°C at a rate of 1° per minute. The final products were stored at 4°C. Double stranded substrates were formed by mixing in the hybridization buffer. The mixture was heated to 95°C for 5 minutes and slowly cooled to 4°C, then allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 minutes to form a specific double stranded

DNA phosphorylation was made by incubating 200 pmol of FS1 with 20 units

1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.1 mM spermidine and 1 mM adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). The reaction was stopped by heating the mixture at 90° C for 5 minutes. RFT1 (100 μM) and 2 μL RFS1 (100 μM) were then added to the solution, and the mixture was heated to 90°C for 40 seconds and cooled to room temperature for 10 minutes. In the last step, 10 units of T4 DNA ligase were added for DNA ligation at 25°C for 2 hours. The ligation mix contains 10 mM MgCl2, (150 μL) 40 mM Tris– HCl (pH 7.6 at 25°C), 10 mM DTT and 0.5 mM ATP. The products were concentrated by standard ethanol precipitation and further purified by polyacrylamide gel

of T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) at 37°C for 30 min in a 100 μL reaction mixture containing 50 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.6 at 25°C), 10 mM MgCl2, 5 mM

The syntheses of carbon nanodots (CDs) will describe according to the

CDs were synthesized hydrothermally with citric acid and ethylenediamine (EDA). Initially citric acid (3.0 g) and ethylenediamine (1875 μL) were dissolved in 30 mL of distilled water. The solution was then transferred to a 500 mL round bottom flask and heated at 150°C for 5 hours. The product was dialyzed against ddH2O to obtain CDs. CDs powder was obtained by evaporating, redispersed in deionized

Carbon black (CB) is produced by the reaction of a hydrocarbon fuel such as gas or oil with a limited supply of combustion air at temperatures of 1320 to 1540°C. The hydrocarbons which were degraded from polyethylene (PE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) at the pyrolysis step were injected into decomposing chamber. They were introduced to pass through dc-plasma jet, and were decomposed into the carbon particles. The carbon particles were cooled down in the stream of nitrogen and they were deposited on the surface of outer graphite chamber after decomposition by the plasma jet. As-synthesized carbon black samples were characterized by the analytical instrument without further purification in the case of carbon black synthesis. Two major processes are the oil furnace process and the thermal process. The oil furnace process accounts for about 90 percent of production, and the thermal, about 10 percent. Two other processes are, the lamp for production of lamp black and the cracking of acetylene to produce acetylene black. However, these are small-volume specialty black operations that constitute less than

**174**

For the nanodiamond synthesis the graphitic C3N4 (g-C3N4) used for the starting material which prepared by a benzenethermal reaction between C3N3Cl3 and NaNH2 at 220°C for 12 hours. For the synthesis of the C3N4, 1.10 g (6.0 mmol) C3N3Cl3(1,3,5 trichlorotriazine) and 0.70 g (18.0 mmol) NaNH2 (sodium amide) powders were put into a 50 mL teflon-lined autoclave, which was then filled with benzene up to 90% of the total volume. The autoclave was sealed and maintained at 180–220°C for 8–12 h, then allowed to cool to room temperature naturally. The mixed product was washed three times with distilled water, acetone and again distilled water to remove NaCl impurities, some organic-like impurities. The g-C3N4 obtained in such a way is a light yellowish brown powder of amorphous-like, poorly crystalline particles [8]. The resulting yellow powders was dried in vacuum at 50°C for several hours. The sample was compressed to a desired pressure at room temperature, heated to 800–2000°C for 5–30 min, and then quenched and decompressed to ambient condition [17].
