*2.1.9 Carbon black nanomaterials*

Carbon black (CB) is produced by the reaction of a hydrocarbon fuel such as gas or oil with a limited supply of combustion air at temperatures of 1320 to 1540°C. The hydrocarbons which were degraded from polyethylene (PE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) at the pyrolysis step were injected into decomposing chamber. They were introduced to pass through dc-plasma jet, and were decomposed into the carbon particles. The carbon particles were cooled down in the stream of nitrogen and they were deposited on the surface of outer graphite chamber after decomposition by the plasma jet. As-synthesized carbon black samples were characterized by the analytical instrument without further purification in the case of carbon black synthesis. Two major processes are the oil furnace process and the thermal process. The oil furnace process accounts for about 90 percent of production, and the thermal, about 10 percent. Two other processes are, the lamp for production of lamp black and the cracking of acetylene to produce acetylene black. However, these are small-volume specialty black operations that constitute less than 1 percent of total production in this country [16].

**175**

**Figure 2.**

*The Novel Nanomaterials Based Biosensors and Their Applications*

For the nanodiamond synthesis the graphitic C3N4 (g-C3N4) used for the starting material which prepared by a benzenethermal reaction between C3N3Cl3 and NaNH2 at 220°C for 12 hours. For the synthesis of the C3N4, 1.10 g (6.0 mmol) C3N3Cl3(1,3,5 trichlorotriazine) and 0.70 g (18.0 mmol) NaNH2 (sodium amide) powders were put into a 50 mL teflon-lined autoclave, which was then filled with benzene up to 90% of the total volume. The autoclave was sealed and maintained at 180–220°C for 8–12 h, then allowed to cool to room temperature naturally. The mixed product was washed three times with distilled water, acetone and again distilled water to remove NaCl impurities, some organic-like impurities. The g-C3N4 obtained in such a way is a light yellowish brown powder of amorphous-like, poorly crystalline particles [8]. The resulting yellow powders was dried in vacuum at 50°C for several hours. The sample was compressed to a desired pressure at room temperature, heated to 800–2000°C for 5–30 min, and then quenched and decompressed to ambient condition [17].

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) were prepared by chemical co-precipitation and then processed under hydrothermal conditions. Briefly, iron (II) chloride and iron (III) chloride (1:2) were chemically precipitated at room temperature (25°C) by adding 30% ammonium hydroxide at pH=10.0–10.4. The precipitates were heated at 80°C for 35 minutes with continuous stirring and washed in deionized water and ethanol [18].

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new two-dimensional all-carbon allotrope composed of

As can be seen from this figure it is clear that GDY has a porous structure which is very important in sensor design to the effective diffusion of the analyte to the

The carbon based nanomaterials are usually used to build electrochemical biosensors because of their physical and chemical properties. According to conventional carbon nanomaterials, GDY possesses richer carbon chemical bonds, which are of great importance for their practical applications. More importantly, GDY has a typical 2D structure similar to graphene, but also has the properties of threedimensional materials such as a hard carbon network and uniformly distributed

pores that can greatly increase active bonding areas [19, 20]. **Figure 2** illustrates surface characterization of GDY [21].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94930*

*2.1.10 Nanodiamonds*

*2.1.11 Magnetic nanoparticles*

**3. Result and discussion**

benzene rings and alkyne unites.

*A) SEM, B) TEM and C) HRTEM of GDY.*

**3.1 Graphdiyne**

sensor surface.
