**Author details**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

**Figure 8.**

*fibers, after immersion in SBF media for 15 days at 37°C.*

**3. Conclusions**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

financial support of the UAE University.

researchers and research entities.

into mesoporous calcium silicate (MCS) via a 3D printing technique. Compared to printed MCS scaffolds, the characteristics showed that 20 percent CSH integration over 4 weeks of hydration increased their compressive strength by 2 times. Moreover, MCS component in the composite scaffolds exhibited sustained release behavior of dexamethasone drugs to assist bone regeneration [69]. Similarly, scaffolds made of POP and mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffolds successfully fabricated using a 3D printing technique, which had a regular and uniform square macroporous structure, high porosity and excellent apatite mineralization ability. Thus 3D printed POP/MBG scaffolds would be promising candidates for promoting bone regeneration [70].

*Scanning electron micrographs of gypsum cements containing a) pristine, and b) alkali-treated wollastonite* 

Bone cements are widely used for the treatment of bone defects and fractures. Gypsum-based bone cements are characterized by their ease of preparation and affordability. Gypsum has been classified as a bioresorbable material. Moreover, our ongoing research has clearly shown a string evidence of its bioactivity where gypsum is mineralized in SBF media in a manner similar to that was initially proposed for the biomimetic growth of bone-like apatite on the surfaces of bioactive materials. Moreover, the inclusion of other biocompatible fillers further enhance its bioactivity. The biomimetically-grown bone-like apatite adopts the morphology of nanostructured spherolites which are made of apatite nanocrystallites. The overall assembly of nanostructured gypsum-based bone cements, therefore, represents a potential modality for the treatment of fractured bone with an enhanced bioactivity. Moreover, an added value of the improvement in the mechanical properties of these composite cements is highly believed to extend the applications of these cements to

The authors would like to extend their acknowledgement to the continuous

The authors hereby declare the absence of any conflict of interest with other

be used as bone implants for non-load bearing applications.

**290**

Hesham F. El-Maghraby1,2 and Yaser E. Greish1,2\*

1 Department of Chemistry, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE

2 Department of Ceramics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

\*Address all correspondence to: y.afifi@uaeu.ac.ae

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
