**Acknowledgements**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

For example, Said et al. [115] demonstrate a wide range of nanoparticles like Al2O3, C–S–H-phase, and quartz have the best potential as accelerators for cement hydration and therefore are most suitable for cement production based on their result of heat flow calorimetry measurements, particles size of nanomaterials and their percentage in the cement paste. Gaitero et al. [116] also identified that the addition of small amounts of silica nanoparticles to the cement paste could substantially slow down a degradation process due to the progressive dissolution of the cement paste. Nazari and the co-workers [111] also identified nano-phase Al2O3 particles with the average diameter of 15 nm increased flexural strength of fresh concrete and the extent of this positive effects of nanoparticles amplified as the content of Al2O3 nanoparticles increased. It is concluded that partial replacement of cement with nanophase Al2O3 particles improves the split tensile and flexural strength of concrete but decreases its setting time. Kawashima et al. [112] combined two nanomaterials, namely calcium carbonate nanoparticles and nanosilica, to synthesize cementatious materials and observed the mixture can offset the negative effects of fly ash (i.e., precursor for cements) on early-age properties to facilitate the development of a more environmentally friendly, high-volume fly ash concrete. Lastly, Land and his co-workers [113] also investigated the effects of colloidal nanosilica on concrete incorporating cement binders and found that the concentrations of nano-silica determined the micro-structural and thermal property changes. Many studies to date suggest that utilizing nanoparticles in cement synthesis can benefit the system by improving many of the structural properties. Further indepth study on the mechanisms underlying the influence of nanoparticles on the compressive strength gain and other physical properties of cement systems need to

be carried out to fully assess the impacts of nanoparticles.

Lastly, another example of where nanotechnology made a tremendous impact

This review highlights the diversity in naturally occurring and engineered nanoparticle in various environments. Given the production of engineered nanoparticles is expected to increase significantly in forthcoming years with more applications and productions, the information provided herein review provide an important baseline from which to interpret future environmental change. Clearly the impacts and effects of nanoparticles on the bacterial toxicity, cement materials,

on commercial building materials is synthesis of nano-paint. For example, Krishnamoorthy et al. [117] developed a multifunctional graphene oxide (GO) nanopaint by incorporating GO sheets in an alkyd resin of the paint. The prepared GO nanopaint exhibited enhanced corrosion-resistant behavior in both acidic and high-salt-content solutions as well as substantial inhibition of the bacterial growth on its surface. This in-situ biofouling test results demonstrated incorporating the nanoparticles into the conventional paint materials produce significant performance benefits. Another study also concluded that preparation of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanopaint by embedding the TiO2 nanoparticles in alkyd resin matrix exhibited substantially enhanced antibacterial properties against a wide range of different types of bacterial strains [118]. Others also reported similar findings of enhanced corrosion-resistant behavior and anti-bacterial properties of nanoformulated paints [119–124]. Clearly, results from various studies demonstrate that these new coating formulation of nanopaint to be of tremendous value to researchers and industry. In conclusion the result of nanopaint characterization and performance evaluation opens up a new promising field of study and building materials for next

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generation.

**4. Conclusion**

The author would like to thank beamline scientist for assistance with data collection at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, CA, USA) and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (Stanford, CA, USA). The author also wishes to thank Kean University Foundation office for financial support and the anonymous reviewers and the editors for the comments which served to strengthen the manuscript.
