**4. Conclusions**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

**72**

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 6.**

*1 m2*

*requirements.*

*Properties of recycled cardboard with different nanocellulose consumption; asterisk: Line of standard* 

high-performance loudspeakers, and lightweight actuators [130, 131].

improve barrier properties [132–134].

in energy storage systems [126], biosensors [127], as well as in various electronic and optoelectronic devices [128, 129]. Among them, transparent transistors, light emitting diodes, solar cells, antennas and radiofrequency identification devices,

*Properties of cardboard for flat layers of corrugating cardboard with different consumption of sizing agents on* 

*(4); 7 g of nanocellulose (5); asterisk: Line of standard requirements.*

*: Without application (1); 7 g of glue (2); 3.5 g of nanocellulose (3); 3.5 g of glue and 3.5 g of nanocellulose* 

Nano-sized cellulose fibers are considered as promising candidates for the production of nanocomposites. NC was added to polymer matrices to obtain reinforced composites with mechanical strengths from ten to one hundred times and to

Loading of structural materials with NC particles makes it possible to reduce their weight while maintaining the strength of the composites [135, 136]. For instance, addition of 6.5% nanofibrils improved the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the nanocomposite from cassava starch and polyvinyl alcohol by 24% and 51%, respectively. At the same time, the water vapor permeability and water solubility of the nanocomposite containing high contents of nanofibrils decreased up to 20% and 30%, respectively, in relation to the control blend [137]. A high effect of reinforcement was observed even at a low content of CNC when used to obtain nanocomposites with a matrix of natural rubber. With the addition of only 2.5 wt % CNC, which were isolated from soybean husks by acid sulfur hydrolysis, the elastic modulus of the composite was about 21 times higher than that of a pure rubber matrix [138]. In [139] it was shown that the addition of 10% NC from miscanthus to a composite based on epoxy resin Eposir-7120 with a polyethylene polyamine

With the increasing requirements for environmental protection, there is a need to replace exhaustible sources - oil, gas, coal, and existing forest resources with biodegradable and renewable, including non-wood plant raw materials (NWPM). NWPM have the necessary reserves and properties to make up for a possible shortage of wood fiber for pulp production. To obtain pulp suitable for the production of nanocellulose (NC), a two-stage technology for delignification of NWPM with reagents that does not contain sulfur and chlorine has been proposed. NC has unique physical and mechanical properties and can replace well-known materials such as glass and some polymers, which are not biodegradable under ambient conditions. Methods for preparing nanocellulose are described. The influence of the main technological parameters of the cellulose hydrolysis process on the properties of nanocellulose is discussed. It is proposed to carry out the hydrolysis of cellulose using 43% concentration of sulfuric acid. Examples of the use of nanocellulose in various industries are given.
