**3. Conclusions**

Bone cements are widely used for the treatment of bone defects and fractures. Gypsum-based bone cements are characterized by their ease of preparation and affordability. Gypsum has been classified as a bioresorbable material. Moreover, our ongoing research has clearly shown a string evidence of its bioactivity where gypsum is mineralized in SBF media in a manner similar to that was initially proposed for the biomimetic growth of bone-like apatite on the surfaces of bioactive materials. Moreover, the inclusion of other biocompatible fillers further enhance its bioactivity. The biomimetically-grown bone-like apatite adopts the morphology of nanostructured spherolites which are made of apatite nanocrystallites. The overall assembly of nanostructured gypsum-based bone cements, therefore, represents a potential modality for the treatment of fractured bone with an enhanced bioactivity. Moreover, an added value of the improvement in the mechanical properties of these composite cements is highly believed to extend the applications of these cements to be used as bone implants for non-load bearing applications.
