**3.10 Nanodiamonds**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

usually at a concentration of 1 mg/mL.

imprinted polymers [125].

terms of costs and environmental impact.

pyrolysis conditions were illustrated in **Figure 8** [16].

biosensors [126].

**182**

**Figure 8.**

*FE-SEM images of the carbon black obtained from: A commercial PS pyrolyzed at 500°C; b commercial PS pyrolyzed at 900°C; c waste PS pyrolyzed at 500°C; d waste PS pyrolyzed at 900°C; e high density polyethylene* 

One of the main properties of CB is its ability to produce easily stable dispersions in a variety of solvents such as ethanol, acetonitrile, a mixture of dimethylformamide water [119], chitosan [120], or di hexadecylphosphate water solution [121],

CB is widely used in the design of biosensors with a variety of biological recognition elements including enzymes, DNA and antibodies. The main potential of the enzyme combination with CB is based on the outstanding advantages this nanomaterial has in enhancing the biosensor sensitivity. CB can increase both conductivity and enzyme loading areas, thus causing increased signals and hence higher sensitivity. Some examples have shown that CB is a compatible substrate for the immobilization of enzymes in the design of amperometric biosensors [122]. Immunosensors have attracted great attention for specific, sensitive, costeffective and in-field analysis. Examples of CB-based immunosensors in unlabeled

Alongside traditional bioreceptors such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, CB also demonstrated the ability to improve their analytical performance by combining with alternative biological recognition elements or molecularly

Besides the biosensor application, CB was used in sensor design for both single analyte detection and multiple analysis, showing increased sensitivity thanks to its high conductivity, number of defective areas and surface area. Nowadays, most CB-based detection systems are mainly sensors, but in recent years there has been a sharp increase in publications in the development of enzymatic, immuno, and DNA

CB is a new generation material due to its environmentally friendly properties in

The morphological properties of the synthesized carbon black by using commercial and waste polystyrene (PS) and high density polyethylene in different

configuration have been reported in the literature [123, 124].

*(HDPE) pyrolyzed at 500°C; f HDPE pyrolyzed at 900°C.*

Nanodiamonds (ND), a new member of the carbon nanoparticle class, has recently received much attention in drug delivery, bio-imaging, and biosensor applications due to its physical and chemical properties [127].

Nanodiamond (ND) is of great interest in various fields of material science due to its various functional groups. An electrochemical biosensor containing copper, nano-diamond (ND) and carbon nanotube (CNT) was built to detect the amino acids of Parkia Seeds (PS). Electrochemical reaction of PS was carried out with composite electrodes prepared using nanodiamond [128].

The AFM and SEM characterization of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and boron doped nanocrystalline diamond (BDND) were illustrated in **Figure 9** respectively [129, 130].

**Figure 9.** *(a) AFM topographic images of NCD films and (b) SEM image of BDND film grown on a Si substrate.*

## **3.11 Magnetic nanoparticles**

Nanomaterials provide high surface areas and a biocompatible environment for enzyme loading. In the last decade, research of magnetic particles has resulted in their use in a large number of nano-sensing devices, providing ease of separation in solution.

Various iron magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have proven to be an excellent nanomaterial for electrochemical biosensing applications due to their electroconductivity, biocompatibility and ease of synthesis properties. They make important contributions to the development of electrochemical nanobiosensors. Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles can be directed by the external magnetic field to site-specific drug delivery targets. Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles have been studied as signal amplification elements in biosensing [131]. Among these materials, magnetite (Fe3O4), a Fe2+ and Fe3+ complex oxide, is one of the most studied super paramagnetic nanoparticles**.** It has unique mesoscopic mechanical and physical properties and has many potential applications in various fields such as cell separation [132] and microwave absorption [133]. Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been widely used for in vivo examination [134]. The direct binding of cholesterol oxidase to Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was investigated and the kinetic behavior, stability and activity of bound cholesterol were investigated [135]. Due to its easy preparation process, low toxicity, strong superparamagnetism and good biocompatibility, Fe3O4 has recently been used in biosensors for glucose, ethanol and acetaminophen. Prepared biosensors showed fast response and high sensitivity with a wide linear range [136, 137]. Fe3O4 - Au nanoparticles, have been

successfully used for the first time in the dual-mode detection of carcinoembryonics antigens (CEA) and have correctly confirmed the presence of antigens [138].

**Figure 10** illustrates TEM images of Fe3O4, Au and Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles [138]. **Table 1** illustrates the studies based novel nanomaterials.

#### **Figure 10.**

*TEM images of (A) Fe3O4, (B) Au and (C) Fe3O4–Au nanoparticles; the corresponding HRTEM images are inserted.*


**185**

**4. Conclusion**

**Table 1.**

3D DNA nanonet structure

Carbon nanodot

Metal-polymer hybrid nanomaterial

Nanozymes (magnetic metal organik framework)

Carbon dots, chitosan, gold nanoparticles

with examples.

ity down to single molecules detection.

*The Novel Nanomaterials Based Biosensors and Their Applications*

**limit**

17ß-Estradiol 0,5 × 10−12 M 1,0 ×

5 mu M-120 mM **Linear range**

10−7 - 1,0 × 10−12 M

0,1–5 mu M 1 nM Amperometric

mu/L

mL

7,57 × 10−13 mol/L

MicroRNA 36,083 fM 10 fM-1 nM CV, DPV and EIS [140]

1–100 pg. mu/L 2,74 pg.

Gold nanorod Aflatoxin 0,25–10 ng/mL 0,11 ng/mL SPR5 [145]

10−9 mol/L

*1: Cyclic voltammetry, 2: Electrochemical impedance spectrometry, 3: Differential pulse voltammetry 4: Square wave* 

**Method Ref.**

CV and EIS [141]

CV and EIS [143]

CV and DPV [147]

[142]

[144]

[146]

measurement

Amperometry

Direct current voltage

0,9 mu M CV, EIS and

Nanomaterials offer significant advantages, especially in sensor technology, due to their large surface area. When biocompatible nanomaterials are used as biorecognition layers, it enables the design of highly sensitive biosensors. Many nanomaterials, which are widely used today, are now being replaced by novel nanomaterials due to their physical stability, easy synthesis, easy fabrication, and cheapness. Nanomaterials became important components in bioanalytical devices since they clearly increase the performances in the sense of detection limits and sensitiv-

Over content of this chapter aims to evaluate developments in the fields of new nanomaterial-based biosensors. Their production and potential applications for the direct and reliable detection of bioanalytes are described. In addition, research interests for the production of nanomaterial-based biosensors were encouraged

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94930*

Carbon black Photosynthetic

*voltammetry, 5: Surface plasmon resonance.*

*Biosensor applications based navel nanomaterials.*

herbicide

Human papillomavirus

(H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide

Nanodiamond Urea 0,1–0,9 mg/mL 0,005 mg/

Patulin 1 × 10−12 - 1 ×

**Nanomaterial Analyzed Detection** 


*The Novel Nanomaterials Based Biosensors and Their Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94930*

*1: Cyclic voltammetry, 2: Electrochemical impedance spectrometry, 3: Differential pulse voltammetry 4: Square wave voltammetry, 5: Surface plasmon resonance.*

#### **Table 1.**

*Novel Nanomaterials*

successfully used for the first time in the dual-mode detection of carcinoembryonics

**Figure 10** illustrates TEM images of Fe3O4, Au and Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles [138].

antigens (CEA) and have correctly confirmed the presence of antigens [138].

**limit**

3,5 × 10−6 mol/L

*TEM images of (A) Fe3O4, (B) Au and (C) Fe3O4–Au nanoparticles; the corresponding HRTEM images are* 

0,1 pg./mL to 50 ng/mL

10,000 nM Hg(II) 5–10,000 nM

× 10−4 mol/L.

50 to 500 nmol/L

Quantum dots Dopamine 0,375–450 μM 100 nM Electro-

pM

Cu(II) and Hg(II) Cu(II) 0,01–

Silver Ion 10 pM to 106

Acetaminophen 2,0 × 10−6 to 2,3

Carbon black Bisphenol A 0,03 μ M 0,1–0,9 μM

Furazolidone (FZD) 0,009–339 μM 1,2 nM CV, EIS and

**Linear range**

0,033 pg./ mL

Cu(II) 6,7 pM Hg(II) 3,43 nM

Gene mutation 0,001–20 μM. 0,16 nM CV and DPV3 [112]

6,0 × 10−7 mol/L

1–50 μM

5 pM UV–Vis

Metronidazole 0,001–2444 μM 0,8 nM CV and EIS2 [34]

**Method Ref.**

CV [50]

[10]

[64]

[66]

[98]

24 nmol/L CV1 [21]

Amperometry

i-t curve and EIS

chemiluminescence

Spectrometry

EIS [89]

DPV [137]

SVW4 [139]

29,7 nmol/L CV, Amperometric

**Table 1** illustrates the studies based novel nanomaterials.

**Nanomaterial Analyzed Detection** 

Graphdiyne Bisphenol A 1,0 × 10−7-

Alpha fetoprotein

Organophosphorous

(AFP

pesticides

Hybrid Nanocomposite

**Figure 10.**

*inserted.*

Inorganic nanomaterial

Noble metal nanoparticles

Bimetallic Pt-Au/multiwalled carbon nanotubes

DNAzymefunctionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes

DNAzyme Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube

Carbon nanodots

Carbon-coated nickel magnetic nanoparticles

**184**

*Biosensor applications based navel nanomaterials.*
