**4. Inducing the chaos theory to explain behavioral phenomena**

Generally, many organizations use ICT to improve their competitive advantage so that this could transform their organizational efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness. From another point of view, they intend to use ICT to change their social and corporate environments [39]. However, if they cannot manage their ICT correctly, they are shadowed by the adverse effects due to their low use of it [40]. This paper recalls the implementation of a new ICT system that consisted of

complex and collaborative relationships. This implementation led to stress for the users as they could not cope with their organization's demand that they use the new ICT system. Brod [35] introduced technostress as an illness resulting from a person's inability to adapt to new computer technology. It is typified by over-identification or computer anxiety. Ragu-Nathan et al. [11] described technostress as a problem because the users could not overcome the difficulties with the new ICT system, or they could not become familiar with the new system. Technostress can affect the individual's orientation regarding the time he/she spends doing something, his/her communication mode, and his/her interpersonal relationships as well as his/her job outcomes, i.e., performance or satisfaction.

To explain this phenomenon, researchers into information systems conduct studies in various disciplines, including psychology, sociology, philosophy, and organizational studies. These disciplines explain the stress phenomenon as a source of contextual paradigms, and previous researchers often used the person-environment fit model to describe technostress [5, 39, 40]. This theory stated that when the relationship between people and their environment is beyond the equilibrium condition, it will create stress [41], i.e., technostress. This theory also portraits technostress as a linear system, while the interaction between humans and technology (i.e. computers) is problematic for the development of information systems.

This paper argues that ICT users have specific conditions with which they can interpret and understand the environmental conditions through their capabilities. ICT users' power triggers them to find various and complex responses. Thus, chaos can be an ally or a desired quality when integrated into an organizational system, especially when the ICT users try to innovate and develop [4]. This theory showed that the users' chaotic cognition triggers the relationship of their stressed transactions. ICT users, furthermore, must have strategies to deal with the chaos. Coping is a thing that individuals do, which sometimes allows them to solve problems and adapt to changes.

The inducement of the chaos theory in explaining the ICT users' behavior is not deniable. The authors demonstrate the chaotic behavior from two sides, which are complex interactions and the collaboration of the ICT system's elements [5–18], and both defacement [22] and iconoclastic methods [23]. These two sides affect ICT users' behavior when they have to face the technostress's creators. By these means, these sides influence the ICT users' performances and satisfaction when they are in a chaotic situation. Although the ICT users could mitigate this chaos, they may choose to face it, depending on how mature their personalities are. In other words, the ICT users have to cope with the complicated uncertainty or technostress creators by relying upon their personalities and emotions to overcome the chaotic problems.

This paper supports the undeniable inducement of the chaos theory to explain the ICT users' mitigation of the harmful effects of technostress. It argues that the technostress's creators at first settled on the ICT users' cognitive states. In other words, the ICT users got their experiential values, which are enjoyment, escapism, visual appeal, social affiliation, and entertainment, when they faced situations with technostress. From the perspective of learning, the authors propose that chaos theory relates to the ICT users' learning processes [63]. We take into account that chaotic mitigation affects the ICT users and may prevent them from dealing with the technostress efficiently and effectively. We recommend that information systems or applications must be developed with consideration given to facilitating the ICT users' experiential values. It means that the information systems and applications make the ICT users increase their enjoyment, entertainment, social affiliation and visual appeal as well as decreasing their escapism. The authors argue that technostress for ICT users would otherwise have occurred.
