**4.1 Technostress and a proactive personality**

Personality is a characteristic of an individual, and this determines the person's thinking and behavior. Every individual has a unique personality, which differs from that of other people. Bateman and Crant [64] defined a proactive personality as someone who is relatively unrestricted by the situational forces which influence environmental change. Someone with a proactive nature identifies opportunities and demonstrates initiative, takes action when appropriate, and persists until meaningful change occurs. Parker and Sprigg [65] explained that proactive personalities usually engage in activities that affect themselves and their environment.

From the perspective of the chaos theory, whenever individuals face technostress, they are either in a chaotic situation or not. It means that the users' performance and satisfaction would be explained when both the chaos and technostress theories work concurrently. To overcome this chaotic situation, the user has to be creative [1, 4, 66], because his/her behavior will vary based on experiences. Personal innovativeness means that individual traits have a role in technology's adoption. This innovativeness entails the implementation of creativity or the generation of novel and useful ideas for the development of new products and processes [67]. Thus, in the implementation of advanced ICT systems, a proactive personality can boost the creativity of the users. Therefore, we posit that a proactive personality can play a role in mitigating the harmful technostress to a user's satisfaction.

Based on the chaos theory, Sumiyana and Sriwidharmanely [68] demonstrated that individuals work randomly or differently because of their creativity or personal innovations [1, 69, 70]. They can mitigate the adverse effect of technostress on ICT users' performance by inducing their proactive personalities. This study shows that when users interact with new technologies, and the users feel there is a mismatch (cognitive impairment) between their abilities and the requirements of the latest technology, this condition creates discomfort during their interactions (a chaotic situation, known as technostress). However, this sense of discomfort will be minimized if they have the creativity to use technology to help them complete their tasks. So, in the end, they can maintain their performance levels. In other words, they can turn a threat into an opportunity.

Specifically, this study's result shows that proactive-transform personalities maintained their performance better than proactive-conform personalities did when the ICT users experienced high technostress. It meant that the creativity of the users was more active when they faced high levels of technostress than low levels, which offered significantly more benefits for the proactive-transform personalities. The ICT users can take advantage of the work overload and deadline times in the system, so they can still maintain their performance. Even for the same proactive-transform personalities, the user faced with high levels of technostress performed better than the user who experienced the lower levels.
