*The Chaotic Behavior of ICT Users DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94443*

et al. [37] constructed two main concepts: stressors (the creators of technostress) and strains (the results of technostress). Finally, Tarafdar et al. [10, 16] conceptualized five main categories of techno-creators, which are:


From another perspective, Tarafdar et al., [10, 16], and Ayyagari et al. [38] identified and then clustered five technostress triggers, which are:


Ayyagari et al. [38] classified three technological characteristics that could influence techno-stressors, which are: usability, dynamic features, and intrusive features. Usability, complexity, and reliability are generally associated with the use of information technology. These three characteristics of information technology are part of its usability features. The rate and frequency of technological changes relate to the nature of ICT, which are dynamic features. The ICT feature refers to the extent to which a person feels a shift in the technological environment is happening quickly. In contrast, the presentism and anonymity of the invasion by ICT represent the intrusion feature. Presentation's characteristics describe the extent to which technology allows users to either reach it or not. In contrast, anonymity describes the times when ICT users feel that they could not identify or trace the work they produced using ICT.

As mention earlier, some previous studies showed that technostress had harmed ICT users' outcomes, including reducing their satisfaction and performance [5–12, 14, 15, 18, 39]. ICT users, moreover, could not survive in these technostress conditions, which organizations must have facilitated using all the aspects of their skill, flexibility and adaptability [19]. Hwang and Cha [40] showed that security-related technostress creators in organizations negatively affect employees' organizational commitments, both indirectly and directly. This technostress occurred through their complex role and then reduced their intentions to comply with the information system's security. From another perspective, employee-focused promotions could moderate the relationship between technostress creators and role stress. Employees with a focus on gaining promotion are more resistant to the adverse effects of technostress creators, because they experienced lower role stress. Nimrod [41] made a new scale to measure technostress levels between younger and older workers. Technostress, moreover, must be considered a particular threat to the future well-being of ICT users.

Qi (2019), developed a theoretical framework to investigate the double-edged effects of using mobile devices. It used the sampling design of mobile devices among college students. This framework argued that positive results (an improvement in their academic performance) were investigated from their use, while adverse effects triggered technostress. This paper takes into account that Qi's study was based on the person-technology fit model (P–T fit model). It explained that the educational use of mobile devices by students does not lead to technostress. This use, however, could improve academic performance due to their high usage of ICT. The paper argued that students' self-efficiency and their skill level in using cellular technology affected their high-low technostress.

Human-technology interactions, especially during the development of information systems, are complex. To portrait this complex phenomenon, McBride [29] adopted the chaos theory to make a framework for interpreting the success of information systems' implementations in organizations. McBride's paper suggested that the chaos theory could explain the complicated phenomenon and the nonlinear and dynamic systems [19] such as the technostress creators in the implementation of an information system's development. The chaos theory means there is an underlying interconnectedness that exists in random events; hence the ICT users are concerned with the initial conditions [1, 28].

Through the chaos theory, the authors portray the phenomena of technostress holistically. We noted that developments to information systems are the domain of human-computer interactions, in what is probably a chaotic space between humans and information technology. The implementation of new information systems and complex ICT by organizations could be regarded as destructive events, resulting in some unexpected and unpredictable consequences for the users' environments [20]. When humans and information technology interact, individuals have to learn the

new processes that are required. These processes will flow according to the respective ICT users' methods. However, when ICT users encounter a disturbance, it will cause various impacts depending on their motivation to respond to it. Likewise, what happens when ICT users are facing technostress is also a chaotic situation.
