**Author details**

Pallavi Saxena1 \* and Anand Yadav2

1 Materials Science Laboratory, School of Physics, Vigyan Bhawan, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, India

2 Department of Physics, Medi–Caps University, Pigdamber, Indore, India

\*Address all correspondence to: pallaviphy12@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**55**

*Effect of Transition Metal on Structural and Dielectric Properties of Mg0.5Tm0.5Fe2O4…*

[14] Z. Iwauchi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. **10**,

[15] R. C. Kambale, P. A. Shaikh, Y. D. Kolekar, C. H. Bhosale, and K. Y. Rajpure, Mater. Lett. **64**, 520 (2010).

[16] P. Saxena, P. Choudhary, A. Yadav, B. Dewangan, V. N. Rai, and A. Mishra,

Supercond. Nov. Magn. **30**, 1297 (2017).

[18] P. Saxena, P. Choudhary, A. Yadav, V. N. Rai, and A. Mishra, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. **31**, 12444 (2020).

[19] P. Saxena, P. Choudhary, A. Yadav, V. N. Rai, M. Varshney, and A. Mishra, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. **30**,

[20] M. M. N. Ansari, S. Khan, and N. Ahmad, Phys. B Condens. Matter **566**,

[21] P. Saxena and D. Varshney, J. Alloys

[22] E. AlArfaj, S. Hcini, A. Mallah, M. H. Dhaou, and M. L. Bouazizi, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. **31**, 4107 (2018).

Compd. **705**, 320 (2017).

Appl. Phys. A **126**, 765 (2020).

[17] A. Yadav and D. Varshney, J.

1520 (1971).

7292 (2019).

86 (2019).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96729*

[1] K. Praveena, K. Sadhana, S. Bharadwaj, and S. R. Ã. Murthy, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. **321**, 2433 (2009).

[2] V. Tsakaloudi and V. Zaspalis, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. **400**, 307 (2016).

[3] Z. H. Zhou, J. M. Xue, H. S. O. Chan, and J. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. **90**,

[4] H. M. Zaki, S. H. Al-Heniti, and T. A. Elmosalami, J. Alloys Compd. **633**,

[5] U. Ghazanfar, S. A. Siddiqi, and G. Abbas, Mater. Sci. Eng. B **118**,

[6] U. R. Ghodake, N. D. Chaudhari, R. C. Kambale, J. Y. Patil, and S. S. Suryavanshi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.

[7] M. Ishaque, M. A. Khan, I. Ali, H. M. Khan, M. A. Iqbal, M. U. Islam, and M. F. Warsi, Ceram. Int. **41**,

[8] D. L. Sekulic, Z. Z. Lazarevic, M. V. Sataric, C. D. Jovalekic, and N. Z. Romcevic, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron.

[9] C. Choodamani, B. Rudraswamy, and G. T. Chandrappa, Ceram. Int. **42**,

[10] P. Scardi, L. B. Mccusker, R. B. Von Dreele, D. E. Cox, and D. Loue, J. Appl.

[11] D. Nath, F. Singh, and R. Das, Mater.

[13] H. Saqib, S. Rahman, R. Susilo, B. Chen, and N. Dai, AIP Adv. **9**, (2019).

Cryst. (1999). **32**, 36 (1999).

Chem. Phys. **239**, 122021 (2020).

[12] M. Arifuzzamana; and M. B. Hossen;, Results Phys. **16**,

**References**

4169 (2001).

104 (2015).

84 (2005).

**407**, 60 (2016).

4028 (2015).

**26**, 1291 (2015).

10565 (2016).

102824 (2020).

*Effect of Transition Metal on Structural and Dielectric Properties of Mg0.5Tm0.5Fe2O4… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96729*

### **References**

*Transition Metal Compounds - Synthesis, Properties, and Application*

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Conflict of interest**

**54**

**Author details**

Pallavi Saxena1

\* and Anand Yadav2

University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: pallaviphy12@gmail.com

1 Materials Science Laboratory, School of Physics, Vigyan Bhawan, Devi Ahilya

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Physics, Medi–Caps University, Pigdamber, Indore, India

[1] K. Praveena, K. Sadhana, S. Bharadwaj, and S. R. Ã. Murthy, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. **321**, 2433 (2009).

[2] V. Tsakaloudi and V. Zaspalis, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. **400**, 307 (2016).

[3] Z. H. Zhou, J. M. Xue, H. S. O. Chan, and J. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. **90**, 4169 (2001).

[4] H. M. Zaki, S. H. Al-Heniti, and T. A. Elmosalami, J. Alloys Compd. **633**, 104 (2015).

[5] U. Ghazanfar, S. A. Siddiqi, and G. Abbas, Mater. Sci. Eng. B **118**, 84 (2005).

[6] U. R. Ghodake, N. D. Chaudhari, R. C. Kambale, J. Y. Patil, and S. S. Suryavanshi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. **407**, 60 (2016).

[7] M. Ishaque, M. A. Khan, I. Ali, H. M. Khan, M. A. Iqbal, M. U. Islam, and M. F. Warsi, Ceram. Int. **41**, 4028 (2015).

[8] D. L. Sekulic, Z. Z. Lazarevic, M. V. Sataric, C. D. Jovalekic, and N. Z. Romcevic, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. **26**, 1291 (2015).

[9] C. Choodamani, B. Rudraswamy, and G. T. Chandrappa, Ceram. Int. **42**, 10565 (2016).

[10] P. Scardi, L. B. Mccusker, R. B. Von Dreele, D. E. Cox, and D. Loue, J. Appl. Cryst. (1999). **32**, 36 (1999).

[11] D. Nath, F. Singh, and R. Das, Mater. Chem. Phys. **239**, 122021 (2020).

[12] M. Arifuzzamana; and M. B. Hossen;, Results Phys. **16**, 102824 (2020).

[13] H. Saqib, S. Rahman, R. Susilo, B. Chen, and N. Dai, AIP Adv. **9**, (2019).

[14] Z. Iwauchi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. **10**, 1520 (1971).

[15] R. C. Kambale, P. A. Shaikh, Y. D. Kolekar, C. H. Bhosale, and K. Y. Rajpure, Mater. Lett. **64**, 520 (2010).

[16] P. Saxena, P. Choudhary, A. Yadav, B. Dewangan, V. N. Rai, and A. Mishra, Appl. Phys. A **126**, 765 (2020).

[17] A. Yadav and D. Varshney, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. **30**, 1297 (2017).

[18] P. Saxena, P. Choudhary, A. Yadav, V. N. Rai, and A. Mishra, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. **31**, 12444 (2020).

[19] P. Saxena, P. Choudhary, A. Yadav, V. N. Rai, M. Varshney, and A. Mishra, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. **30**, 7292 (2019).

[20] M. M. N. Ansari, S. Khan, and N. Ahmad, Phys. B Condens. Matter **566**, 86 (2019).

[21] P. Saxena and D. Varshney, J. Alloys Compd. **705**, 320 (2017).

[22] E. AlArfaj, S. Hcini, A. Mallah, M. H. Dhaou, and M. L. Bouazizi, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. **31**, 4107 (2018).

**57**

**Chapter 4**

High Temperature

*Muhammad Ikram, Ali Raza, Shehnila Altaf,* 

*Arslan Ahmed Rafi, Misbah Naz, Sarfraz Ali,* 

*Syed Ossama Ali Ahmad, Ayesha Khalid, Salamat Ali* 

One of the pioneers who introduced superconductivity of metal solids was Kamerlingh Onnes (1911). Researchers always struggled to make observations towards superconductivity at high temperatures for achieving goals of evaluating normal room temperature superconductors. The physical properties are based entirely on the behavior of conventional and metal superconductors as a result of high-temperature superconductors. Various synthetic approaches are employed to fabricate high-temperature superconductors, but solid-state thermochemical process which involves mixing, calcinating, and sintering is the easiest approach. Emerging novel high-temperature superconductors mainly engaged with technological applications such as power transmission, Bio-magnetism, and Tokamaks high magnetic field. Finally, in this chapter, we will discuss a brief outlook, future prospects, and finished with possible science fiction and some opportunities with

**Keywords:** cuprates, fabrication techniques, HTS films, coated conductors,

Various metals exhibit modest electrical resistance owing to normal room temperatures, however, may be turned into superconductors by employing a frozen route towards absolute zero temperature. The very first metal presented in favor of superconductors was mercury that was discovered just after cryogenic refrigerator in 1908, attaining that temperature at which phase shift of helium may occur as liquid form showing 4.2 K = −452 °F. In addition, enveloping more than 60 years, further superconductor's discoveries continued and proved to be high-quality superconductors at such low temperatures. Furthermore, during 1960s, specific niobium alloys were also turned into superconductors, however, at the temperature range 11–24 K. Subsequently, theoretical studies also showed and proved that there is no existence of superconductors above 30 K. Superconductors being non-resistive, are considered fast driving current carriers without voltage or electricity [1–3]. Starting current continuously flows for "geological" periods subject to keeping cold the relevant superconductors. Over a long time, chilling requirements for

Superconductors

*and Junaid Haider*

high-temperature superconductors.

**1. Introduction**

BSCCO films, Wires and Tapes, applications

**Abstract**
