Preface

One nanometer is a billionth of a meter. When the size of at least one of the dimensions of orderly arranged atoms in three-dimensional space is less than 100 nm it is called a nanocrystal. Nanocrystals do not follow the law of classical mechanics as they enter the quantum realm. The reduction in size causes the surface area to increase in comparison to their volume, which helps to enhance their mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties. For example, gold nanocrystals produce different colors in their colloidal suspensions as their sizes vary, thus they can be used as color-changing cosmetics in the beauty product industry. Gold nanocrystals are already in use as labels in electron microscopy for biological samples or as drug carriers, tumor detectors, inter-cellular delivery vehicles in gene therapy, radiotherapy dose enhancers, and more. The biomedical, as well as chemistry and physics fields, benefit immensely from the numerous applications of nanocrystals. Nanodimensional rotors and motors are now being fabricated for producing power inside nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), integrated with nanotransistors. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips are used for detecting stress and vibration at the atomic level. Graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and diamond are the materials that form such nanocrystals in NEMS applications. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are formed by organic molecules with their heads attaching to the substrate while functional groups like thiols and silanes are kept away from the surface. In this way, they can form two- or three-dimensional superlattices. Nanocrystals are also very important for understanding the Covid-19 pandemic. The size of the virus varies from 50 nm to 200 nm. The coronavirus is a protein membrane encapsulated nucleocapsid (N) protein and RNA genome with about 20-nm long spike proteins all around them. To fight the virus humans have to develop medicines and vaccines, which again, are made up of nanocrystals.

This book contains chapters written by researchers in biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering who study nanocrystals.

**II**

**Chapter 7 125**

Application **139**

**Chapter 8 141**

**Chapter 9 157**

Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Nanocrystals: Saturation and Modulation

*by Anielle C.A. Silva, Amanda I.S. Barbosa, Alessandra S. Silva, Elisson A. Batista, Thaís K. de Lima Rezende, Éder V. Guimarães,* 

Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Development and Applications *by Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Francisco R.A. dos Santos, Samanta L.M. de Matos, Jerusa M. de Oliveira, Alessandra S. Silva, Éder V. Guimarães, Mirella S. Vieira, Eurípedes A. da Silva Filho,* 

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Biogenic Silver and Zinc Nanocrystals/ Nanoparticles to Combat the Drug Resistance in Human Pathogens *by Gulzar Ahmed Rather, Saqib Hassan, Surajit Pal, Mohd Hashim Khan,* 

*Ricardo S. Silva, Lucas Anhezini, Nilvanira D. Tebaldi* 

*Heshu Sulaiman Rahman and Johra Khan*

*Ricardo S. Silva and Noelio O. Dantas*

**Section 3**

*and Noelio O. Dantas*

**Dr. Awadesh Kumar Mallik** IMO-IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium

**1**

Section 1

Synthesis

Section 1 Synthesis

**3**

**Chapter 1**

*Norihiro Shimoi*

high hole mobility of 208.6 cm2

nanoparticle, conductive ceramic film

**Abstract**

broad sense.

**1. Introduction**

Nonthermal Crystalline Forming

In this work, we have discovered a method of forming ZnO thin films with high mobility, high carrier density and low resistivity on plastic (PET) films using non-equilibrium reaction fields, even when the films are deposited without heating, and we have also found a thin film formation technique using a wet process that is different from conventional deposition techniques. The field emission electronbeam irradiation treatment energetically activates the surface of ZnO particles and decomposes each ZnO particles. The energy transfer between zinc ions and ZnO surface and the oxygen present in the atmosphere around the ZnO particles induce the oxidation of zinc. In addition, the ZnO thin films obtained in this study successfully possess high functional thin films with high electrical properties, including

results contribute to the discovery of a mechanism to create highly functional oxide thin films using a simple two-dimensional process without any heat treatment on the substrate or during film deposition. In addition, we have elucidated the interfacial phenomena and crosslinking mechanisms that occur during the bonding of metal oxide particles, and understood the interfacial physical properties and their effects on the electronic structure. and surface/interface control, and control of higher-order functional properties in metal/ceramics/semiconductor composites, and contribute to the provision of next-generation nanodevice components in a

**Keywords:** non-equilibrium reaction excitation field, field emission, zinc oxide,

As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to grow, networks are being built in which various devices share information with each other. At present, data from various devices is scattered and siloed, but it is predicted that in the latter half of the 2020s, hundreds of billions of devices will be connected to the Internet. In the second half of the 2020s, hundreds of billions of devices are expected to be connected to the Internet. A vast amount of data and information will be constantly being formed, but if the data is siloed, it will be impossible to share it.

/Vs, despite being on PET film substrates. These

of Ceramic Nanoparticles by

Non-Equilibrium Excitation

Reaction Field of Electron
