Meet the editor

Dr. Bipin Kumar graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India, with a Ph.D. in Textile Engineering in 2013. Currently, he is an assistant professor in the Department of Textile Technology at IIT Delhi. Prior to joining IIT Delhi, he was a research assistant professor (2016–2017) at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He also served as a cultural ambassador (2014–2016) to the United States at the University of Cal-

ifornia Davis via the prestigious Fulbright Fellowship program. His main research focuses on smart fibrous/polymeric materials and related fabric structures. He has more than forty publications in leading refereed SCI journals of materials, textiles, and medical fields, seven patents, three authored books, and many other academic publications. He has been awarded several prestigious awards including the Entrepreneur Faculty Award (IITDAA, 2020), IEI Young Engineer Award (Institute of Engineers, 2019), Teaching Excellence Award (IIT Delhi, 2018), DST INSPIRE Faculty Award 2016 (DST, 2016), Award for Excellence in Postdoctoral Research (UC Davis, 2016), and many more. He holds editorial membership at several international refereed journals including *Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics and Fabrics, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Journal of Research, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Advance Research in Textile Engineering, Current Trends in Fashion Technology & Textile Engineering and Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology.* Dr. Kumar's research team launched their first commercial product, KAWACH Mask, in May 2020 at the time of the COVID-19 emergency. He is leading two successful start-ups at IIT Delhi, ETEX and SWATRIC, to commercialize several textile innovations for engineering and medical applications, including KAWACH masks, antiviral T-shirts, anti-radiation garments, Indian flags, E-textiles, anxiety garments, and more.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

and Analysis Standards

and Assessment *by Mukesh Kumar Singh*

*and Edwin Kamalha*

of Textile Materials

*by Zeynep Omerogullari Basyigit*

Introductory Chapter: Functional Textiles *by Bipin Kumar and Viraj Somkuwar*

*by Ahmad Ibrahim, Joseph-Émile Laquerre, Patricia Forcier, Vincent Deregnaucourt, Justine Decaens and Olivier Vermeersch*

*by Edison Omollo Oduor, Lucy Wanjiru Ciera* 

*by Harozila Ramli and Tajul Shuhaizam Said*

Application Technologies for Functional Finishing

Surface Design Technique through Tradition Technique

Antimicrobial Agents for Textiles: Types, Mechanisms

Textiles Functionalization - A Review of Materials, Processes,

Applications of Silk in Biomedical and Healthcare Textiles

**Preface XI**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Textile Material, Design and Technology **11**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 43**

**Chapter 4 75**

**Chapter 5 101**

**Chapter 6 123**

## Contents



Preface

Textiles have been an integral part of human life for centuries. They were initially thought to be used for coverage, storage, protection, ropes, fishing, and more. A textile material and its structures offer many unique characteristics such as flexibility, drape, breathability, and strength, which are otherwise not easily achieved in other engineering materials and structures. Further, their surfaces can be functionalized to achieve new properties such as super-hydrophobicity, shape memory, phase change, anti-microbial characteristics, and so on. Today, their applications have widened in multiple areas including medical, civil, defense, energy, transport, and protection industries due to the development of smart materials and their fibers, processing methods, and innovative technologies. This book emphasizes textile science, engineering, technology, and the design processes involved in developing textile products for medicine, sports, protection, and filtration. The content of this book is divided into four sections. The first and Introduction section is followed by the second which discusses the material and technology used for fabricating different types of functional textiles. The third section focuses on other characterization techniques and analysis of various results published in the scientific literature. The final section describes the different application areas where functional textiles have

Following the Introductory chapter, Chapter 2 discusses the enhancement of healthcare textiles using different antimicrobial agents. It examines different types of antimicrobial agents such as metallic, non-metallic, and non-leaching agents, along with their application methodologies. Chapter 3 provides a critical review of different types of intelligent functionality imparted to textiles such as stimuliresponsive textiles, phase-change material, enzymes used for functionalization, and more. Chapter 4 discusses the use of silk in functional textiles, as silk fiber shows excellent mechanical properties that are beneficial in functional textiles. Chapters 5 and 6 describe the application techniques to transfer various materials and treatments over a textile fabric and the compatibility of these materials and textiles. Chapters 7 and 8 cover the standard methodology for testing and assessing the properties of functional textiles. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have become an essential healthcare product, thus it is necessary to examine the functional aspects of these masks. Chapter 9 critically reviews different face masks, their manufacturing techniques, and testing parameters. Chapter 10 discusses the application of antimicrobial agents on various textile surfaces, as every type of fiber has different compatibility with the various antimicrobial agents. The chapter examines the advantages and disadvantages of using different materials as substrates for antimicrobial applications. Functional textiles are a significant contribution to activewear. As such, Chapter 11 discusses different types of material, fabric, and fabric structures used to design activewear clothing. It presents various studies on the material used for activewear clothing and the effect of different parameters on permeability properties such as water vapor permeability, air permeability, and moisture management. Chapter 12 discusses textiles used for noise control and noise barriers for acoustic management. It covers the mechanisms and textile materials used for sound absorption while Chapter 13 discusses concepts employed in

been utilized to enhance the efficiency of processes.

sportswear and sports textile industry.
